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一 前言 “晚明”系指十六世紀後半至明亡(1550—1644)前後下到一百年的時期,大約自十六世紀以降的明代,在政治、經濟、社會等各方面都出現了劇烈的變動,後人對這段時代的看法仁智互見,有譽稱為啟蒙時期,有視為墮落的時代,也有認為是摸索時期等不同的觀點。研究者從不同的角度,自然闡述出來不同的面向,若從文化層
The preface to the “late Ming” refers to the period from the second half of the 16th century to the next (1550-1644) to the next hundred years. The Ming Dynasty, which had been reduced from the 16th century onwards, appeared in all aspects of politics, economy and society Dramatic changes, future generations of the views of this era of benevolent and see each other, known as the Enlightenment period, there are times regarded as degenerate, there are also think of the groping period and other different points of view. Researchers from different angles, naturally expounded a different aspect, if from the cultural level