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晚清社会内外交困、危机重重。学习引进西学是清廷应对危机唯一有效的手段。西学的引进是一个渐进的过程,张之洞从不知到漠视,从片面肯定到大力兴办洋务,再到力主体制全面变革,其一生的行走轨迹与晚清社会危机渐深、西学渐入的节拍相应和,是晚清社会的典型映像。
In the late Qing society, the internal and external social problems were exasperated and there were many crises. Learning to introduce Western learning is the only effective means for the Qing government to deal with the crisis. The introduction of western learning is a gradual process. Zhang Zhidong never knew that he ignored it. From a one-sided affirmation to vigorously rejuvenating the Westernization and then to an all-round reform of the main force system, his life’s path of walking and the social crisis in the late Qing dynasty became deeper and the western-style beating Correspondingly, is a typical reflection of society in late Qing Dynasty.