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工厂对工人不放心,才会设置质检员以确保产品质量。国家对产品质量不放心,才会设置质量监管部门。在政治体系内部,由于对职能部门和公务人员不放心,才有必要加强监督。哲学家休谟有个著名的“无赖说”:“必须把每个政府成员设想成为无赖之徒,并假定他的一切作为都是为了谋求私利,别无其他目标。我们则利用这种利害关系来控制他,使他与公益合作”。而在中国明朝,这种不放心发展到登峰造极:干脆把沿袭上千年的宰相制度废了,皇帝独揽权力,内阁变成他的秘书。明太祖对御史不放心,设立直属
Factories do not trust workers, will set up quality inspector to ensure product quality. Countries do not trust the quality of products, will set up quality supervision departments. Within the political system, it is necessary to strengthen supervision because it is not assured of functional departments and civil servants. Hume, the philosopher, has a well-known “rascal say”: "Every government member must be envisioned as a rogue, assuming that all his actions are for personal gain and no other ends. We use this Interests to control him, so that he and public service cooperation. In the Ming Dynasty of China, this kind of reluctance to develop aggressively: simply abolished the system of the prime minister that followed for thousands of years, and the emperor took power and the cabinet became his secretary. Ming Taizu do not trust the Censor, set up directly under