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Objectives:The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of chamomile oil from Matricaria chamomilla against type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and its potential mechanisms.Methods:T1DM was established in male New Zealand white rabbits via a single intraperitoneal infusion of streptozotocin (STZ) (80 mg/kg body weight-1,dissolved in 0.2 mL of normal saline).Different doses of chamomile oil (25,50 and 100 mg/kg) were orally administrated to STZ induced diabetic rabbits for 21 consecutive days.The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined using ELISA assay.The expression of NF-κB and NLRP3 was measured using West blot assay.Results:Compared with normal rabbits,STZ-induced diabetic rabbits exhibited significant increased levels of blood glucose and decreased levels of serum insulin that were reversed using middle and high tested dose of chamomile oil.Likewise,STZ-induced diabetic rabbits showed a significant increased expression of NF-κB and NLRP3 proteins in the pancreas tissue that was reversed by high tested dose of chamomile oil.Conclusion:Collectively,our findings demonstrated that chamomile oil possesses anti-hyperglycemic,and anti-inflammatory activities in STZ-induced diabetic rabbits by targeting inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways.