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笔者认为集体认同是以集体记忆为基础的,但是集体记忆并不稳定。其一,派别不同,记忆也不同。其二,最根本的内部障碍(最终是对瓦解的畏惧)破坏了集体记忆和集体认同;笔者认为这种内部障碍和弗洛伊德所说的“文化中的不适”(Unbehagen in derKultur)颇为相似。从精神分析的角度看,特别是从基于“分裂”和“投射”的“社会防御系统”的近期理论看,派别冲突将内部对瓦解的恐惧外化,让人们得以退回到“心理社会飞地”(psychosocial enclave),避开上述最根本的障碍。社会、文化、政治和军事的分裂状态有利于这种结构,特别有利于族群认同或民族认同。本文作者先评述了上述模型的理论背景,而后以第二次世界大战战后德国的分裂与再统一为例,说明在确立一种集体认同时如何接纳过去。运用精神分析开展研究,可以得出两个意想不到的结论:第一,东德和西德之间的冲突开辟了一块心理社会飞地,处在这块飞地里,德国人可以不去回忆大屠杀;第二,为恢复民族尊严,德国的统一又一次强调了必须不回避纳粹统治时期。民族记忆要趋于一致,而客体化(objectifying)的工作(德国历史学者已经为客体化作出了贡献)对于采取适度稳定的民主形式来管理集体认同是至关重要的。
The author believes that collective identity is based on collective memory, but collective memory is not stable. First, different factions have different memories. Second, the most fundamental internal impediment (and ultimately the fear of disintegration) undermines collective memory and collective identity; I consider this internal obstacle as Freud’s “discomfort in culture” (Unbehagen in derKultur Quite similar. From a psychoanalysis point of view, especially from recent theories based on “social defense systems ” of “split ” and “cast ”, factional conflicts externalize the fear of internal disintegration and allow people to be returned To “psychosocial enclave,” avoiding the most fundamental obstacles above. Social, cultural, political and military divisions favor this structure and are particularly favorable to ethnic identity or national identity. The author first reviews the theoretical background of the above model, and then takes the example of Germany’s division and reunification after the Second World War as an example of how to accept the past when establishing a collective identity. Using psychoanalysis to conduct research can lead to two unexpected conclusions: First, the conflict between East Germany and West Germany has opened up a psychological social enclave. In this enclave, Germans can not recall memories Second, to restore national dignity, Germany’s reunification once again stressed the need not to evade the Nazi period. National memory tends to be congruent, and objectifying work (German historians have contributed to objectification) is crucial to the adoption of a moderately stable form of democracy to manage collective identity.