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一、心理学的对象和任务心理学以意識为研究对象。“世界上存在着观念的現象与物貭的現象”(斯大林,无政府主义还是社会义)。这两种現象的关系如何,是哲学研究的根本問題。对这个問題,不同陣营的哲学家給过三种不同的回答。二元主义者认为物貭和观念(意識)有不同的起源,它們一开始就是并存的、对立的;唯心主义者以为观念是原本性的东西,物貭是由观念派生的,不同形态的物貭只是观念的不同表現;唯物主义者则肯定物貭是第一性的,意識(观念)是第二性的,意識是物质发展到高級阶段所产生的,意識是物貭現实存在的
First, the psychology of the object and task psychology to consciousness as the research object. “There is a phenomenon of phenomena and phenomena in the world (Stalin, anarchism, or social justice).” The relationship between these two phenomena is the fundamental issue of philosophical research. Philosophers of different camps have given three different answers to this question. The dualists believe that things have different origins and concepts (consciousness), and they are coexisting and antithetical from the very beginning. Idealists think that concepts are primitive things, and things are derived from concepts and different forms of things貭 is only a manifestation of the concept; the materialist affirms that the object is the first nature, the consciousness is the second nature, the consciousness is the material development to the advanced stage, the consciousness is the material existence