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关于“To be or not to be”中to be一词的意义,有人曾对英文字典中的释义和朱生豪、卞之琳两位先生的翻译提出质疑。那么,to be的意义究竟该做何解?笔者认为,仅就to be的字面意义而言,人们有理由怀疑字典的正确性,却无理由揣测莎作的可靠性。 在莎翁创作的鼎盛时期所写的剧本中,有四部作品堪称其悲剧艺术的登峰造极之作,《哈姆莱特》、《奥瑟罗》、《里亚王》和《麦克白斯》后世号称“四大悲剧”。下面就让我们从《哈姆莱特》以外的三大悲剧中各取一例,凿壁偷光,以释今人之疑:
Regarding the meaning of to be in “To be or not to be”, some people once questioned the interpretation of the English dictionary and the translations of the two gentlemen, Zhu Shenghao and Bian Zhilin. So, what is the meaning of to be? In my opinion, only to the literal meaning of be, people have reason to doubt the correctness of the dictionary, but there is no reason to speculate Shakespeare’s reliability. Among the plays written in the heyday of Shakespeare’s writing are four works that are the culmination of their tragedy. Hamlet, Othello, Leah, and Macbeth come later Known as the “four tragedies.” Let us take one case from each of the three tragedies outside Hamlet, and steal the light to explain the suspicion of today: