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19世纪中叶 ,西方资本主义列强凭借其“坚船利炮”轰开了中国沉闭已久的国门。中国一些开明的社会人士认识到 ,古老的中华文明要想避免危亡的厄运 ,就必须迅速摈弃闭关政策 ,摄取西方先进文化 ,从封闭走向开放 ,实现国家的独立与富强。在思想领域的转变首先表现为对外人、外事的重新认识 ,抛弃农业时代形成的狭隘的华夷世界秩序观 ,树立全新的科学世界观。从“夷”到“洋”这一观念的转变既是势的所迫 ,又是理的悟通 ,成为近代前期思想嬗变的主流。
By the middle of the 19th century, the western capitalist powers had opened their doors to a long-lost nation in China by virtue of their “fortifications.” Some enlightened Chinese people in China have realized that in order to avoid dangerous doom, the ancient Chinese civilization must quickly abandon the policy of self-determination, take in the advanced western culture, move from being closed to opening up, and bring about the independence and prosperity of the country. The change in the ideological field first manifests itself as a re-understanding of outsiders and foreign affairs, abandoning the narrow view of the Chinese world ordered by the agricultural age and setting forth a brand new scientific world outlook. The change from the concept of “barbarians” to “foreign ones” is not only the result of the forces of force but also the realization of reason and the mainstream of ideological change in the early modern period.