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对后现代主义的看法 ,一般可分为两种 ,即阶段说和反省说。两者不能截然分开。阶段说强调 :“后现代”是“现代”之后的一个新时代 (后工业时代、信息社会等等 ) ,后现代主义是适应新时代的新变化而应运而生的理论。反省说强调 :后现代主义根本是为了批判当代西方的发达社会 ,特别是它的文化状态 ,以及对自启蒙运动以来形成的西方的认知范式和理论概念的反省和批判。在众多后现代主义学者中 ,法国学者利奥塔的“后现代状态”论对历史学的挑战最为明显 ,因为他认为自启蒙运动以来的“宏大叙述”已失去可信性 ,出现了“后现代状态”。在这种状态下 ,历史学的“元叙述”发生了危机 ,亦即有关完整的历史概念的说明、完整的历史知识都发生了危机。历史研究出现了“原子化”、“微观化”等变化。“后现代状态”论以及一般后现代主义的启示之一是 ,西方长期形成的历史一线进步的普遍观念和西方中心论遭到了极大冲击。西方学界的风向有了变化
The postmodern view can generally be divided into two kinds, namely stage say and reflection. The two can not be completely separated. Stages say: “Postmodernism” is a new era (post-industrial era, information society, etc.) after “modern”. Postmodernism is a theory that came into being in response to the new changes of the new era. Reflections emphasize that postmodernism is essentially intended to criticize the developed western society, especially its cultural status, as well as to reflect on and criticize the Western cognitive paradigms and theoretical concepts since the Enlightenment. Among many postmodern scholars, the “postmodernism” theory of French scholar Lyotard has the most obvious challenge to history because he believes that the “grand narrative” since the Enlightenment has lost its credibility. Modern state “. In this state, the crisis of ”meta narration“ in history happened, that is, the explanation of the complete historical concept and the crisis of the complete historical knowledge. Historical studies have seen such changes as ”atomization“ and ”microscopicization.“ One of the enlightenments of ”postmodernism" theory and general postmodernism is that the long-established history of the West as a long-standing universal concept and Western centralism have been greatly affected. The direction of Western scholars has changed