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To solve the rapid transient control problem of Flight Environment Simulation System (FESS) of Altitude Ground Test Facilities (AGTF) with large heat transfer uncertainty and distur-bance, a new adaptive control structure of modified robust optimal adaptive control is presented. The mathematic modeling of FESS is given and the influence of heat transfer is analyzed through energy view. To consider the influence of heat transfer in controller design, we introduce a matched uncertainty that represents heat transfer influence in the linearized system of FESS. Based on this linear system, we deduce the design of modified robust optimal adaptive control law in a general way. Meanwhile, the robust stability of the modified robust optimal adaptive control law is proved through using Lyapunov stability theory. Then, a typical aero-engine test condition with Mach Dash and Zoom-Climb is used to verify the effectiveness of the devised adaptive controller. The simulation results show that the designed controller has servo tracking and disturbance rejection performance under heat transfer uncertainty and disturbance;the relative steady-state and dynamic errors of pressure and temperature are both smaller than 1％and 0.2％respectively. Furthermore, the influence of the modification parameter γ is analyzed through simulation. Finally, comparing with the standard ideal model reference adaptive controller, the modified robust optimal adaptivecontroller obviously provides better control performance than the ideal model reference adaptive controller does.