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（一）英国著名经济学家亚当·斯密于1759年在《道德情操论》中提出的在西方经济理论中最具深远影响的“看不见的手”的概念，揭示了市场竞争制度推动西方国家在近代兴起的奥秘。法国历史学家布罗代尔在其巨著《15至18世纪的物质文明、经济和资本主义》一书的结束语中指出：“
(1) The concept of “invisible hand”, which was most profoundly influenced by western economic theory, proposed by Adam Smith in 1759 by the famous British economist Adam Smith in the “Theory of Moral Sentiments” reveals that the market competition system promotes the West The mystery of the rise of the state in modern times. The French historian Braudel pointed out in his closing book “Material Civilization, Economy and Capitalism from the 15th to the 18th Century:”