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In searching of differentially expressed genes in human uterine leiomyomas, differential display was used with twelve pairs of primers to compare human uterine leiomyomas with matched myometrium. False positives were eliminated by reverse Northern analysis. Positives were confirmed by Northern blot analysis.RESULTS: [1] Four of 69 cDNA fragments (3 up-regulated named L1, L2 and L3 and 1 down-regulated named M1 in leiomyoma) were confirmed by Northern analysis. [2] Sequence comparison and Northern analysis proved that L1 is exactly the human ribosomal protein S19. [3] It was present ubiquitously in 13tissues tested but in various levels and even in different size. [4] L1 was highly expressed in parotidean cystadenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer and breast cancer examined. [5] No mutations have been found in human uterine leiomyomas (n=6). CONCLUSIONS: hRPS19 overexpression might be a universal signal in rapid cell growth tissues.