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小儿甲状腺的外科疾病发病率很低。良性疾病包括Graves病、先天性甲状腺机能亢进、自主性高功能性腺瘤和甲状腺肿。恶性肿瘤中最常见的是分化型甲状腺癌和甲状腺髓样癌。甲状腺全切或次全切除术和加或不加中央区淋巴结清扫是最常用的手术方式。小儿甲状腺切除术必须由经验丰富的甲状腺外科医师操作，而且外科医师应作为包括儿科医师、麻醉科医师、病理科医师以及核医学科医师在内的多学科综合诊治团队的一部分，为患儿提供最佳的治疗。“,”Surgical diseases of the thyroid in the pediatrics are rare .Benign diseases include Graves′di-sease,congenital hyperthyroidism,toxic adenomas,and goiter.The most common malignancies are differentia-ted thyroid cancer and medullary thyroid cancer .Near-total or total thyroidectomy is the mostly common used surgery,with/without central lymph node dissection .It is necessary that pediatric thyroidectomy be performed by experienced thyroid surgeons.Further more,these surgeons,that include pediatricians,anesthesiologists, pathologists,and nuclear medicine physicians,should be as part of a multidisciplinary team to provide the best treatment.