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人类历史上曾长时期以人力、畜力和柴草等可再生能源为动力及燃料,直到19世纪中叶,煤炭逐渐取代柴草等传统能源,蒸汽机成为主要的动力机械,这是人类历史上第一次能源结构体系的重大转变,它推动了工业革命的发展。其后,石油和天然气的利用日趋增加,到20世纪中叶,世界上石油和天然气的消费已超过了煤炭,成为主要能源,实现了能源体系的第二次转变,它对第二次世界大战后世界经济的发展和繁荣起了重要作用。世界能源结构开始新的转变目前,世界能源结构正开始经历一次新的转变,即由矿物燃料向干净的可再生能源体系的过渡。起始于70年代初的石油危机,当时石油价格的飞涨向世界能源结构提出了一次严峻的挑战,它表明支持世界经济发展,特别是工业发达国家经济繁荣的石油并不是可以廉价、无节制消费的能源。接着,80年代全球环境问题向世界能源结构提出了又一次挑战。造成全球气候变暖温室效应的因素有一半以上来自于世界能源的消费体系,它每年除向大气层排放210亿吨的二氧化碳之外,还大量排放其它两种温室气体:甲烷和氧化亚氮。造成全球区域性的酸雨危害也是来源于矿物能源的消费,矿物燃料燃烧产生和排放的大量二氧化硫、氮氧化物形成广泛的环境酸化。因此,70年
In the history of mankind, for a long period of time, manpower, animal power, and firewood and other renewable energy sources were used as fuels and fuels. Until the middle of the 19th century, coal gradually replaced traditional energy sources such as fireweed, and steam engines became the main power machinery. This was the first energy in human history. The major transformation of the structural system has promoted the development of the industrial revolution. Since then, the use of oil and natural gas has steadily increased. By the middle of the 20th century, the world’s consumption of oil and natural gas had surpassed coal and became the main energy source, achieving a second shift in the energy system after the Second World War. The development and prosperity of the world economy have played an important role. The world’s energy structure begins a new transformation At present, the world’s energy structure is beginning to undergo a new transformation, that is, the transition from fossil fuels to clean renewable energy systems. The oil crisis that began in the early 1970s, when the soaring price of oil presented a severe challenge to the world energy structure, it showed that supporting the development of the world economy, especially the economic prosperity of industrialized countries, is not a low-cost, uncontrolled consumption of oil. Energy. Then, in the 1980s, the global environmental issue presented another challenge to the world’s energy structure. More than half of the factors contributing to the global warming greenhouse effect come from the world’s energy consumption system. Besides emitting 21 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year, it also emits two other greenhouse gases: methane and nitrous oxide. The global regional acid rain hazard is also caused by the consumption of fossil energy. The large amount of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides produced and emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels forms a wide range of environmental acidification. So 70 years