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马丁·海德格尔的著作《哲学论稿》可谓难以概述,这是因为它向读者摆出了两个不同却相关的问题。第一个问题是搞清楚海德格尔在试图达成什么。大多数对其著作的研究集中对这个问题梳理出一个答案。在本文中我主张应当集中于第二个问题,哪怕这个问题不是更具有启发性的,也至少是同等重要的。第二个问题就是海德格尔在试图达成其目的时所采用的方法是什么。一旦把握到海德格尔在方法或教学问题上的极端矛盾,我们就能清楚地看到这两个问题在他的著作中以一种自身消解的方式而相互作用着。海德格尔想要达成的变革有赖于一种在根本上不可教的教义,并且是如此地依赖于对一群并不存在的学生的预设。我在结论中主张这个悖谬源于这样的事实:海德格尔并没有他所渴望的那样有革命性,而且没有被广为接受,这还包括他那典型的现代幻相:人在根本上可以被重新塑造。
Martin Heidegger’s book The Philosophy of Manuscript can be described as difficult to summarize because it addresses two different but related issues to the reader. The first question is to figure out what Heidegger is trying to achieve. Most of the research on his book focuses on the issue of combing an answer. In this paper, I advocate that we should focus on the second issue, even if the issue is not more illuminating and at least equally important. The second question is what is Heidegger’s approach in trying to achieve its purpose. Once we grasp Heidegger’s extreme contradictions on methodological or teaching issues, we can clearly see that these two problems interact in his own works in a self-digesting way. What Heidegger wants to achieve depends on a doctrine that is fundamentally un-teachable, and so relies on a presumption of a group of non-existent students. I argue in the conclusion that this absurdity stems from the fact that Heidegger was not as revolutionary as he longs for and is not widely accepted, and includes his typical modern illusion that man can be fundamentally re-mold.