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1783年,苏格兰人瓦特发明了耗煤量较少的冷凝式双作用蒸汽机,从此,船舶动力开始了从风帆向蒸汽机的革命性转变,到19世纪中叶,船用蒸汽机动力技术已基本成熟。早期的“轮船”装备的是立式锅炉,由卧式往复蒸汽机带动船体中部两舷侧的划水轮推进,这种形式的蒸汽船被称为“中明轮”或“腰明轮”;此后又出现了采用卧式锅炉、立式往复三膨胀式蒸汽机及螺旋桨推进的近代化蒸汽机动力船。
In 1783, Watts invented a condensing double-acting steam engine with a low coal consumption. From then on, the ship’s power began a revolutionary shift from sail to steam engine. By the mid-19th century, marine steam engine power technology was basically mature. Early ships were equipped with vertical boilers driven by a horizontal reciprocating steam engine that drove a paddle wheel on either side of the central hull. This type of steamship is known as a midship or midline wheel. Since then there has been the use of horizontal boilers, vertical reciprocating three-expansion steam engine and propeller-propelled modern steam engine powerboat.