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埋藏在地下的煤,一般是存在於页岩、砂岩、砾岩及石灰岩等水成岩之间,由於它的形状成层,所以叫做煤层。煤层的埋藏范围大小不等,厚度也不一定,从数公分到数十公尺甚至一、二百公尺。覆盖在煤层上面的岩层叫做顶板,垫在煤层下面的岩层叫做底板(图1)。顶板与底板间的垂直距离就是煤层的厚度。有时候在煤层的中间夹着薄层的岩层,这种岩层叫做夹石。煤层与水平面交线的方向,叫做煤层的走向。在煤层面上与走向成直角所指的方向,叫做煤层的倾斜。煤层的倾斜与水平面所构成的夹角,叫做煤层的倾斜角。我们说
Coal buried in the ground is generally found between shale, sandstone, conglomerate, and limestone. Because of its shape, it is called a coal seam. The scope of the coal seam is not limited, and the thickness is not necessarily, ranging from several centimeters to tens of meters or even one or two hundred meters. The layer of rock that covers the top of the coal seam is called the top plate, and the layer of rock that sits under the coal layer is called the bottom plate (Figure 1). The vertical distance between the top plate and the bottom plate is the thickness of the coal seam. Sometimes a thin layer of rock is sandwiched in the middle of a coal seam. This type of rock is called a stone. The direction in which the coal seam intersects the water level is called the direction of the coal seam. The direction at right angles to the strike at the coal level is called the tilt of the coal seam. The angle formed by the inclination of the coal seam and the horizontal plane is called the inclination angle of the coal seam. we say