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19世纪的欧洲,在政治经济上都有着前所未有的大变动。在政治上接连发生了法国大革命、拿破仑战争引起了维也纳会议,而维也纳会议又引发整个欧洲的封建专制复辟逆流。这些变动在此之前是从来没有发生过的,而这些变动欧洲主要各国的几乎所有的社会阶层都参与或者卷入进来。而在经济上,工业革命的开展和成功则引起了整个西欧物质生活的极大变化,使得欧洲原先的政治制度和理念已经不能适应这种新的经济发展模式,于是乎反对欧洲封建专制复辟和要求符合工业革命发展潮流的各种改革和革命运动相继发生。与此同时,由于工业革命的蓬勃发展,造成了社会结构的一个巨大变化,产生了一种以前从未有过的新阶级—工业资产阶级和工人阶级。这种原有的社会阶级的分化,也引起了社会结构的重新整合,形成了一些意向并不相同的群体,这些利益集团都希望在19世纪初的社会变革大浪潮中争取到自己的地位和前途。正是在这种大环境下,在19世纪初期,各种社会思潮如雨后春笋般地涌起,各种“主义”就都出现了,这些主义都反映了当时土地贵族、资产阶级、小资产阶级以及工人阶级并存的社会状况,反映了当时的各个阶层、阶级以及利益团体的不同意向。各种新“主义”的迅速产生。
In the 19th century, Europe has had unprecedented political and economic changes. The successive political revolutions took place in France, the Napoleonic War caused the Vienna Conference, and the Vienna Conference in turn caused the feudal autocratic resurgence in Europe. These changes have never happened before, and these movements are involved or involved in almost all segments of society in major European countries. However, economically, the initiation and success of the industrial revolution have caused great changes in the material life in Western Europe as a whole. As a result, the original European political system and concept can no longer meet this new mode of economic development and thus oppose the feudal autocratic restoration and Various reforms and revolutionary campaigns that demand conformity with the trend of the industrial revolution have taken place in succession. At the same time, due to the vigorous development of the industrial revolution, a drastic change in social structure was created, creating a new class that has never existed before - the industrial bourgeoisie and the working class. This differentiation of the original social classes has also led to the reorganization of social structures and the formation of groups of people with different intentions. All these interest groups hope to gain their place in the great wave of social change in the early 19th century. future. It is in this kind of environment that all kinds of social thoughts have mushroomed in the early 19th century and all kinds of “” doctrines have appeared. All of these thoughts reflect that the land aristocrats, the bourgeoisie, the small The social conditions in which the bourgeoisie and the working class coexist reflect the different intentions of various strata and classes and interest groups at the time. The rapid emergence of various new “doctrine ”.