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所谓人性的观念是指普遍的或泛人类的动机、心理与情绪官能以及心理机制的一奢假设;它包括人的心理同他人心理的接触而形成的普遍的人类特性。直接考察心理学的假设在社会学上实际起的作用,比结合不同学科的概念语言的形而上学的理论性讨论更有成果。我反对心理学在现代社会学上的应用,主要有两种原因:第一,社会学家太轻易地乞援于依赖心理假设的解释,而没有认识到他们所应用的心理学是适合社会学的目的。第二,这个心理学从人性的整个结构中抽出某些同社会学有明显关联的动机与机制,结果使社会学家看不见解释某种特殊资料的其他可能性。对社会学适用的心理必须满足三个主要标准:(1)顺从标准;(2)行为标准;(3)情境主义的标准。社会学家的出发点是一个已经研究了的社会结构;他首先注意维持意见一致、顺从与角色行为的人性特征。社会学家主要对外表的行为感到兴趣。社会学家在行动上忽略许多对个人人格的精神分析的诊断学家说来极为重要的东西。社会学家往往倾向把人说成是过分社会化的角色扮演者,而精神分析家太轻视客观的社会世界和它的要求。社会学家需要一种情境主义的心理学,是由于他们强调行动而不是强调内心生活。
The so-called concept of human nature refers to universal or pan-human motivation, psychological and emotional function and psychological hypothetical hypotheses; it includes the human psychology with the psychological contact with other people to form a common human characteristics. The direct examination of the hypothesis of psychology actually plays a more sociological role than the theoretical discussion of metaphysics that combines conceptual languages of different disciplines. I oppose the application of psychology in modern sociology for two main reasons. First, sociologists are too easily begged for explanations that rely on psychological assumptions without realizing that the psychology they are applied to is sociological purpose. Second, this psychology draws out certain motivations and mechanisms that are clearly linked to sociology from the whole structure of human nature, with the result that sociologists can not see other possibilities of explaining a particular kind of material. Psychology applicable to sociology must meet three major criteria: (1) compliance standards; (2) behavioral standards; (3) the criteria of contextualism. The starting point of a sociologist is a social structure that has been studied; he first pays attention to the maintenance of the human characteristics of unity of opinion, obedience, and role behavior. Sociologists are primarily interested in appearances. Sociologists in action ignore many of the critically important diagnosticians of psychoanalysis of personal personality. Sociologists often tend to describe people as over-social role players, whereas psychoanalists over-think the objective social world and its demands. Sociologists need a contextualist psychology because they emphasize action rather than emphasize inner life.