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Objective: To learn about the current circumstances surrounding AIDS related knowledge, attitudes and relevant influential factors, and to provide recommendations for HIV/AIDS prevention and control.Methods: A cross sectional study was designed by the cluster sampling method, and a self-administered, closed, and anonymous questionnaire was administered. There were a total of 4,800 married people of childbearing age, from six counties, during the period November through December, 2003.Results: There were 4,693 valid questionnaires and the validity rate was 97.78%. The general correct rate of AIDS knowledge of the respondents was 63.60%. Factors such as sex, age, place of registered permanent residence and different areas had influence on the level of AIDS knowledge. Respondents knew more about AIDS transmission related knowledge than non-transmission related knowledge. Only 30.6% of respondents had heard about volunteer counseling and testing(VCT)of AIDS, and just 8.5% of them thought that they had the possibility of being infected with HIV/AIDS, 64.5% of participants were afraid of AIDS, 66.5% of them thought that HIV positive people should be quarantined, 74.1% of them held that HIV positive people should be forbidden to go to public places, and they would not like to have dinner (68.8%), shake hands (67.8%), or work (63.4%)with HIV positive people. Respondents of different sex, registered permanent residence, education and living places had different attitudes towards HIV/AIDS.Conclusion: The AIDS knowledge level of respondents is below the goal of 75% up to 2005 brought forward by National AIDS Office of China. It is very important to strengthen the Information, Education, Communication (IEC) on AIDS non-transmission related knowledge among married people of childbearing age, especially those who are younger, lower educated and female. Furthermore, the knowledge about VCT should be publicized. More than half of the respondents have negative attitudes towards AIDS patients.