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空气间隙火花放电路径具有曲折、分支的半随机发展特点.空间光电离过程光子数量和位置的随机性是导致空气间隙操作冲击火花放电路径具有随机性的主要原因,空间电荷和电场对放电路径的发展具有一定的约束.该文采用250/2500μs负极性操作冲击电压波分别开展了间隙距离为0.4~1.2m的三种不同空气间隙的放电试验,对比分析了间隙距离、负极性操作冲击电压幅值对火花放电路径初始方向角概率分布的影响.结果表明:棒–棒间隙、棒–双棒间隙火花放电路径初始方向角具有统计特性,且服从正态分布,该分布特性受间隙距离、棒电极形状及外施负极性冲击电压幅值影响.该研究结果可以加深对空气间隙火花放电过程的理论认识.“,”The spark discharge path in air gap is tortuous and branch. The random characteristics of spark discharge path is mainly caused by randomness of the number and position of photons in spatial photoelectric process. Space charge and spatial electric field have certain restriction to the development of the discharge path. Negative switching impulses of 250/2500μs had been applied to three typical air gaps of 0.4~1.2m. The effect of factors such as gap distance and impulse voltage amplitude were studied in detail with comparison tests. Test results show that the initial direction angle of spark discharge path both in rod-rod and rod-double rods air gaps obey normal distribution respectively, and their normal distributions are influenced by gap distance, rod configure and applied negative switching impulse amplitude. The research in the paper benefits much to get more knowledge of spark discharge process.