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“德”不是人文主义者的创造,而是远古政治家的自省与对民意心存敬畏所形成的政治遗产。“德”所具有的人文主义色彩,也成为儒家思想的主要政治理想之一。但是,“德”作为一种政治思想有其复杂性:首先,它是自上而下的,是统治者出于自身利益需要而释放的善意、善政,在“德”之中,民是被动的。其次,在统治者主张“为政以德”的时候,民间也形成对君主“德”的要求的观念。“德”是统治者的利器,也可以是民众的武器。“德”作为传统文化精神的重要支柱,历来既是权力机构可以使用的工具,也可以成为权力的一种政治负担,这致使德成为儒家思想与政治与社会关系重要纽带。
“Morality” is not the creation of a humanist, but the political legacy of ancient politicians’ introspection and fear of public opinion. The “humanistic” color of “virtue” has also become one of the major political ideals of Confucianism. However, “morality” has its complexity as a kind of political ideology: first, it is top-down, goodwill and good governance released by the rulers for their own interests, and in the “morality” , People are passive. Second, when the rulers assert that “governing for the sake of virtue”, the people also formed the notion of “virtue” for the monarch. “Germany ” is the ruler of the weapon, it can also be the people’s weapons. As an important pillar of traditional culture, “virtue” has always been both a tool that can be used by the authority and a political burden of power, which has made morality an important link between Confucianism and political and social relations.