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海洋中磷、氮、硅等营养元素对浮游植物(因而对整个海洋食物链)起着重要作用,它们主要来源于岩石风化、火山、热泉和有机物的腐解等。它们在海洋真光层及浅海中的时空变化主要受浮游值物兴衰、海流及季节性的海洋热成对流的影响。在浮游植物旺盛的季节,它们被大量消耗,浓度下降到接近于零;在浮游生物衰亡腐解时,又部分地回到水体中。一般在热成跃层发达的夏季,垂直变化较大;而在热成跃层消失的冬季,垂直变化较小,成垂直均匀分布。在河口港湾区,陆源淡水一般带来丰富的营养盐类,因此它们的时空变化较为复杂。
Nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon in the oceans play an important role in phytoplankton (and hence in the entire ocean food chain) and are mainly derived from rock weathering, the decomposition of volcanoes, hot springs, and organic matter. Their temporal and spatial variations in the true and shallow ocean oceans are mainly influenced by the rise and fall of planktonic values, ocean currents and seasonal ocean thermo-paired flows. In the season of phytoplankton blooms, they are consumed in large quantities and their concentration drops to near zero, partially returning to the body of water when plankton decay decays. Generally in the thermocline developed summer, vertical changes larger; in the thermocline disappear in winter, the vertical changes smaller, into a vertical uniform distribution. In estuarine and estuarine areas, terrestrial freshwater generally brings abundant nutrients and therefore their temporal and spatial variations are more complicated.