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一、误差理论简介 (一)误差理论基本知识 1.误差基本概念在试验工作中,常常遇到各种各样的量,需要对它们进行测量和计算,并且研究量与量之间关系。要测量一个量就需要用测量工具,但是由于测量工具的精度总有一定限度,测量方法、环境、人的观察能力、测量程序都不可能做到完美无缺,所以测得量不是真实的准确数,而只是近似数。我们通常称近似数与准确数之间差异为测量误差,测量误差越大,则测量结果精确度越低,反之误差越小,则精确度越高。 2.误差分类试验误差基本上可分成两大类:系统误差和偶然误差。 (1)系统误差又叫恒定误差或常差。仪器不良:在试验前仪器未经校正;温度和大气压力等周围环境的变化;测量者个人生
First, the error theory (a) the basic theory of error theory 1. The basic concept of error In the experiment, often encountered a variety of quantities, the need for them to measure and calculate, and study the relationship between quantity and quantity. However, measurement methods, environment, human observation ability and measurement procedures can not be perfect because the accuracy of the measurement tools has a certain limit, so the measured quantity is not the true accurate number , But only an approximation. We usually call the difference between the approximate number and the exact number as the measurement error. The larger the measurement error, the lower the accuracy of the measurement result, and the smaller the error, the higher the accuracy. 2. Error classification Experimental error can be basically divided into two categories: systematic error and accidental error. (1) System error is also called constant error or constant. Poor instrument: the instrument is uncorrected before the test; changes in the surrounding environment such as temperature and atmospheric pressure;