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本文对热带碳酸盐、冷水碳酸盐和“泥丘”碳酸盐3种不同的碳酸盐建造的产生机制、沉积特点进行了论述,指出热带地区碳酸盐产生带主要是在100m以上的透光水体中;冷水碳酸盐的产生带可扩至200m以上;“泥丘”碳酸盐可在400m以上的水深环境中产生。碳酸盐聚集的几何形态由两个速率所控制:形成可容空间的速率和碳酸盐生长和产生的速率。海进和海退取决于产生可容空间的速率和碳酸盐生成速率之间的平衡。由于两个速率平衡的变化,产生了碳酸盐岩特有的两种几何形态:生物礁和台地被“淹没”而产生的沉没不整合和“空斗”形态,进而后期形成双向进积现象。淹没对冷水碳酸盐和泥丘体系产生的影响不像对热带碳酸盐那么敏感。与硅质碎屑岩体系相反,碳酸盐台地在高水位期输出大部分的沉积物到盆地中,即高水位补给。在冷水和泥丘体系中,高水位补给发育不明显或不存在。粗角砾是碳酸盐台地侧翼特有的沉积物,它可能成为储层。镶边的碳酸盐台地的边缘和斜坡在沉积学上是复杂的,在地震上难以成像。只有当地震的分辨率接近极限时,才可以显示出超覆尖灭模式。碳酸盐在低水位期间的剥蚀主要为化学过程,形成喀斯特地貌。在碳酸盐和硅质碎屑混合地带,粗碎屑物不能破坏碳酸盐环境,而富含泥的碎屑会极大地破坏碳酸盐建造。
In this paper, the formation mechanisms and sedimentary characteristics of three different carbonates of tropical carbonate, cold-water carbonate and “Mud” carbonate are discussed. It is pointed out that the carbonate-producing zone in the tropics is dominated by 100m above the light of the water; cold water carbonate zone can be expanded to more than 200m; “Mound” carbonate can be generated in the water depth of 400m above. The carbonate aggregated geometry is governed by two rates: the rate of formation of the space to accommodate and the rate of carbonate growth and production. Sea-going and receding depend on the balance between the rate of yielding space and the rate of carbonate formation. Due to the change of the two rate equilibria, there are two kinds of carbonate-specific geometries: the reefs and the platform are “submerged” and the submerged unconformity and the “empty bucket” form, and then form a bidirectional Progressive phenomenon. The effects of flooding on cold-water carbonate and mud-mound systems are not as sensitive to tropical carbonate. In contrast to the siliciclastic system, carbonate platforms output most of the sediment into the basin at high water levels, ie high water recharge. In cold water and mound system, the development of high water level supply is not obvious or does not exist. Rough breccia are sediments unique to the carbonate platform flanks and may become reservoirs. The edges and slopes of striped carbonate platforms are complex in sedimentology and difficult to image on earthquakes. Only when the resolution of the earthquake is close to the limit can it show overcooling mode. The erosion of carbonate during low water level is mainly chemical process, forming karst landform. In the carbonate and siliceous clastic mixing zone, coarse clastics do not destroy the carbonate environment, whereas muddy clasts can greatly undermine carbonate construction.