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摘要用禾谷缢管蚜、萝卜蚜和绣线菊蚜测定了苦皮藤素与除虫菊素混配的联合毒力,结果表明:天然苦皮藤素与天然除虫菊素在20∶1到1∶20测定范围内复配使用的共毒系数在136.7~261.2之间,均表现出增效作用。当天然苦皮藤素与天然除虫菊素质量比为4∶1时,对禾谷缢管蚜、萝卜蚜和绣线菊蚜的联合增效作用最为显著,共毒系数分别为257.3、261.2和246.8。田间药效试验结果表明,按最佳配比复配使用,对三种蚜虫的防治效果也显著高于相同剂量下单剂的防治效果。
关键词天然苦皮藤素;天然除虫菊素;混配;增效;蚜虫
中图分类号:Q 965.9文献标识码:BDOI:10.3969/j.issn.05291542.2014.02.035The toxicity and field effect of natural celangulins and
cypermethrins mixture on three aphidsLiu Yuqing,Fan Yi,Yu Liqin,Jing Bingnian,Wang Wei,Chen Fei,Zhao Tianzeng (Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China)AbstractThe common toxicities of the mixtures in plant extracts from Celastrus angulatus Max. and Pyrethrum cinerariifolium on Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Aphis citricola van der Goot were studied. The results showed that the mixtures of C.angulatus and P.cinerariifolium in the ratios of 20∶1-1∶20 had remarkable synergistic effects, and the common toxicity coefficients (CTC) were 136.7-261.2. The mixtures of C.angulatus and P.cinerariifolium in a ratio of 4∶1 had the most significant synergistic effects against the three aphids, and the CTCs were 257.3, 261.2 and 246.8, respectively. Field efficacy test results showed that the efficacy in the optimum ratio was significantly higher than that with single agents of the same doses against the three aphids.
Key wordsnatural celangulins;natural cypermethrins;mixture;synergism;aphid 苦皮藤素来源于传统杀虫植物卫矛科南蛇藤属苦皮藤(Celastrus angulatus Max.)的根皮提取物[1]。苦皮藤根系發达,环境适应力和再生能力非常强,广泛分布于黄河、长江流域,以河南、陕西、湖北最为集中。其人工繁育技术已经成熟[2]。苦皮藤素对蚜虫、小菜蛾[Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus)]、菜青虫[Pieris rapae(Linnaeus)]、黏虫[Mythimna separata(Walker)]等多种害虫均具有一定的生物活性[3]。但田间应用对害虫速效性较差,使用剂量高,喷药次数多,防治效果一般。除虫菊素来源于一种多年生草本菊科植物除虫菊(Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev.),是一种具有悠久应用历史的天然杀虫剂。但天然除虫菊素容易光解,生产成本高[4]。为充分发挥两者的优点,本文在前期研究基础上,开展了天然苦皮藤素与天然除虫菊素混配对禾谷缢管蚜[Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)]、萝卜蚜[Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)]和绣线菊蚜(Aphis citricola van der Goot)的联合毒力测定和田间药效研究,为开发天然杀虫剂增效混用制剂提供理论基础。
1材料和方法
1.1供试虫源和植物源杀虫剂
萝卜蚜采自郑州毛庄菜园,禾谷缢管蚜和绣线菊蚜采自新密市白寨镇麦田和果园。25%天然除虫菊素提取物购自陕西昂盛生物医药科技有限公司,6%天然苦皮藤素提取物为新乡市东风化工厂生产。
1.2蚜虫室内毒力测定方法
分别称取10 mg的天然苦皮藤素和天然除虫菊素提取物,用1 g环己酮和质量浓度2%的农乳2201配成10 000 μg/g母液,将天然苦皮藤素和天然除虫菊素两种母液分别按20∶1、10∶1、4∶1、1∶1、1∶4、1∶10、1∶20混合配成二元复配剂作为7个处理,分别用水稀释5个浓度,以清水处理作空白对照;采用浸虫、浸叶法进行室内增效作用生物测定。将蚜虫连同麦苗(甘蓝叶片/苹果叶片)浸入药液中5 s后取出,用吸水纸吸去多余的药液或风干后,剔除有翅蚜,只保留无翅蚜,将其放入培养皿中,用滤纸保湿饲养,然后放入25 ℃光照培养箱中,48 h后分别调查存活虫数[5]。用孙云沛等公式计算混用的共毒系数(CTC)[6]。
40卷第2期刘雨晴等:天然苦皮藤素和天然除虫菊素混配对三种蚜虫的毒力及田间防效20141.33%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂的制备
按质量分数计:天然苦皮藤素为2.4%,天然除虫菊素为0.6%,溶剂环己酮为9%,防腐剂苯甲酸钠为0.2%,防冻剂乙二醇为1%,增效剂增效醚2%,稳定剂1,2—丁二醇为0.6%,乳化剂农乳2201为2%和余量为水组成。
1.43%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂对小麦蚜虫和萝卜蚜田间药效试验试验设5个处理,重复4次,随机区组排列,小区面积20 m2。每667 m2 50 kg水,卫士牌WS16P背负式手动喷雾器喷雾处理。于施药前在每小区中按对角线五点取样,挂牌固定5点,每点选取有蚜虫的小麦6株(甘蓝叶片2片),统计蚜虫数,以此作为施药前虫口基数。于施药后第1、3和7天分别调查定点定株旗叶和麦穗(或甘蓝叶片)上存活的蚜虫数[7]。计算校正虫口减退率。
1.53%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂对绣线菊蚜田间药效试验试验设5个处理,重复4次,随机区组排列,每小区2株苹果树,小区间隔株。设两个浓度分别是1 200和2 000 mg/L,喷药前各小区按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各调查6片有绣线菊蚜的苹果叶片,每株调查30片叶,统计喷药前叶片上绣线菊蚜基数,并挂牌标记。喷药后第1、3、7天检查挂牌标记叶片上的活蚜数,计算各处理区防治效果[8]。
45(78.25±0.97)b
(94.09±1.63)a(79.05±2.03)b
(94.80±0.97)a(81.55±2.17)b
(93.85±1.66)a2.4%天然苦皮藤素EW
2.4% Natural celangulins EW36(52.96±2.06)c(51.32±1.90)cd(50.94±3.71)cd0.6%天然除虫菊素EW
0.6% Natural pyrethrins EW9(52.50±2.95)cd(53.02±1.62)c(54.32±1.90)c
1) 表中数据为4次重复的平均值±标准差。相同小写字母表示各处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。
The data in the table are mean ± SE from 3 replications. The same letters indicate no significant differences among infections (P>0.05), and different letters indicate significant differences among infections (P<0.05). The same below.
表53%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂防治萝卜蚜田间药效试验
Table 5Field efficacy of 3% natural celangulins with pyrethrins EW on L.erysimi处理
Treatment有效用量/g·hm-2
Effective amount防效/% Control efficiency1d3d7d3%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素EW
3% Natural celangulins with pyrethrins EW27
45(77.10±2.79)b
(94.44±1.45)a(79.19±2.91)b
(93.68±1.43)a(79.20±2.13)b
(94.34±0.82)a2.4%天然苦皮藤素EW
2.4% Natural celangulins EW36(45.43±2.24)cd(46.63±2.74)cd(46.72±5.02)cd0.6%天然除虫菊素EW
0.6% Natural pyrethrins EW9(49.95±1.79)c(50.96±3.71)c(51.92±3.47)c
2.5防治萝卜蚜田间药效试验
对十字花科蔬菜蚜虫萝卜蚜药效试验结果见表5。复配制剂防治效果和速效性明显提高,有效用量27~45 g/hm2防效为77.10%~94.44%,明显优于单剂防效。
2.6防治绣线菊蚜田间药效试验
复配制剂对绣线菊蚜也表现出较好的防治效果和速效性(表6),1 200~2 000 mg/L时,防效均优于两种单剂。
表63%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂防治绣线菊蚜田间防效
Table 6Field efficacy of 3% natural celangulins with pyrethrins EW on A.citricola处理
Treatment有效用量/g·hm-2
Effective amount防效/% Control efficiency1d3d7d3%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素EW
3% Natural celangulins with pyrethrins EW1 200
2 000(83.01±1.59)b
(96.97±0.40)a(82.80±0.91)b
(97.89±0.34)a(83.92±1.70)b
(97.47±0.21)a2.4%天然苦皮藤素EW
2.4% Natural celangulins EW2 000(63.99±0.56)cd(64.45±1.76)d(64.06±1.65)d0.6%天然除蟲菊素EW
0.6% Natural pyrethrins EW2 000(64.52±1.90)c(73.13±2.09)c(72.45±1.88)c
3讨论
把不同作用机制的农药科学合理地复配混用,可起到扩大防治范围,兼治不同病虫害,降低毒性,增加药效,减少用药频次,省时省工,降低成本,延缓抗药性产生等效果[9]。本研究将苦皮藤素和除虫菊素两种天然杀虫剂成分混用对3种重要的蚜虫类害虫具有显著的增效作用。而且,复配使用后在田间表现出明显增强的防治效果,速效性和持效性也明显改善。因此,与现有的单一制剂相比,在保持良好的杀虫效果的情况下,可以有效地降低农药使用成本。由于复配制剂在田间的增效作用显著,在达到同样防治效果时可以减少农药使用剂量,有利于减缓抗性的产生和减少制剂残留量。因此,更符合安全、无污染农产品生产的需求。参考文献
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关键词天然苦皮藤素;天然除虫菊素;混配;增效;蚜虫
中图分类号:Q 965.9文献标识码:BDOI:10.3969/j.issn.05291542.2014.02.035The toxicity and field effect of natural celangulins and
cypermethrins mixture on three aphidsLiu Yuqing,Fan Yi,Yu Liqin,Jing Bingnian,Wang Wei,Chen Fei,Zhao Tianzeng (Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China)AbstractThe common toxicities of the mixtures in plant extracts from Celastrus angulatus Max. and Pyrethrum cinerariifolium on Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Aphis citricola van der Goot were studied. The results showed that the mixtures of C.angulatus and P.cinerariifolium in the ratios of 20∶1-1∶20 had remarkable synergistic effects, and the common toxicity coefficients (CTC) were 136.7-261.2. The mixtures of C.angulatus and P.cinerariifolium in a ratio of 4∶1 had the most significant synergistic effects against the three aphids, and the CTCs were 257.3, 261.2 and 246.8, respectively. Field efficacy test results showed that the efficacy in the optimum ratio was significantly higher than that with single agents of the same doses against the three aphids.
Key wordsnatural celangulins;natural cypermethrins;mixture;synergism;aphid 苦皮藤素来源于传统杀虫植物卫矛科南蛇藤属苦皮藤(Celastrus angulatus Max.)的根皮提取物[1]。苦皮藤根系發达,环境适应力和再生能力非常强,广泛分布于黄河、长江流域,以河南、陕西、湖北最为集中。其人工繁育技术已经成熟[2]。苦皮藤素对蚜虫、小菜蛾[Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus)]、菜青虫[Pieris rapae(Linnaeus)]、黏虫[Mythimna separata(Walker)]等多种害虫均具有一定的生物活性[3]。但田间应用对害虫速效性较差,使用剂量高,喷药次数多,防治效果一般。除虫菊素来源于一种多年生草本菊科植物除虫菊(Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev.),是一种具有悠久应用历史的天然杀虫剂。但天然除虫菊素容易光解,生产成本高[4]。为充分发挥两者的优点,本文在前期研究基础上,开展了天然苦皮藤素与天然除虫菊素混配对禾谷缢管蚜[Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)]、萝卜蚜[Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)]和绣线菊蚜(Aphis citricola van der Goot)的联合毒力测定和田间药效研究,为开发天然杀虫剂增效混用制剂提供理论基础。
1材料和方法
1.1供试虫源和植物源杀虫剂
萝卜蚜采自郑州毛庄菜园,禾谷缢管蚜和绣线菊蚜采自新密市白寨镇麦田和果园。25%天然除虫菊素提取物购自陕西昂盛生物医药科技有限公司,6%天然苦皮藤素提取物为新乡市东风化工厂生产。
1.2蚜虫室内毒力测定方法
分别称取10 mg的天然苦皮藤素和天然除虫菊素提取物,用1 g环己酮和质量浓度2%的农乳2201配成10 000 μg/g母液,将天然苦皮藤素和天然除虫菊素两种母液分别按20∶1、10∶1、4∶1、1∶1、1∶4、1∶10、1∶20混合配成二元复配剂作为7个处理,分别用水稀释5个浓度,以清水处理作空白对照;采用浸虫、浸叶法进行室内增效作用生物测定。将蚜虫连同麦苗(甘蓝叶片/苹果叶片)浸入药液中5 s后取出,用吸水纸吸去多余的药液或风干后,剔除有翅蚜,只保留无翅蚜,将其放入培养皿中,用滤纸保湿饲养,然后放入25 ℃光照培养箱中,48 h后分别调查存活虫数[5]。用孙云沛等公式计算混用的共毒系数(CTC)[6]。
40卷第2期刘雨晴等:天然苦皮藤素和天然除虫菊素混配对三种蚜虫的毒力及田间防效20141.33%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂的制备
按质量分数计:天然苦皮藤素为2.4%,天然除虫菊素为0.6%,溶剂环己酮为9%,防腐剂苯甲酸钠为0.2%,防冻剂乙二醇为1%,增效剂增效醚2%,稳定剂1,2—丁二醇为0.6%,乳化剂农乳2201为2%和余量为水组成。
1.43%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂对小麦蚜虫和萝卜蚜田间药效试验试验设5个处理,重复4次,随机区组排列,小区面积20 m2。每667 m2 50 kg水,卫士牌WS16P背负式手动喷雾器喷雾处理。于施药前在每小区中按对角线五点取样,挂牌固定5点,每点选取有蚜虫的小麦6株(甘蓝叶片2片),统计蚜虫数,以此作为施药前虫口基数。于施药后第1、3和7天分别调查定点定株旗叶和麦穗(或甘蓝叶片)上存活的蚜虫数[7]。计算校正虫口减退率。
1.53%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂对绣线菊蚜田间药效试验试验设5个处理,重复4次,随机区组排列,每小区2株苹果树,小区间隔株。设两个浓度分别是1 200和2 000 mg/L,喷药前各小区按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各调查6片有绣线菊蚜的苹果叶片,每株调查30片叶,统计喷药前叶片上绣线菊蚜基数,并挂牌标记。喷药后第1、3、7天检查挂牌标记叶片上的活蚜数,计算各处理区防治效果[8]。
45(78.25±0.97)b
(94.09±1.63)a(79.05±2.03)b
(94.80±0.97)a(81.55±2.17)b
(93.85±1.66)a2.4%天然苦皮藤素EW
2.4% Natural celangulins EW36(52.96±2.06)c(51.32±1.90)cd(50.94±3.71)cd0.6%天然除虫菊素EW
0.6% Natural pyrethrins EW9(52.50±2.95)cd(53.02±1.62)c(54.32±1.90)c
1) 表中数据为4次重复的平均值±标准差。相同小写字母表示各处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。
The data in the table are mean ± SE from 3 replications. The same letters indicate no significant differences among infections (P>0.05), and different letters indicate significant differences among infections (P<0.05). The same below.
表53%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂防治萝卜蚜田间药效试验
Table 5Field efficacy of 3% natural celangulins with pyrethrins EW on L.erysimi处理
Treatment有效用量/g·hm-2
Effective amount防效/% Control efficiency1d3d7d3%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素EW
3% Natural celangulins with pyrethrins EW27
45(77.10±2.79)b
(94.44±1.45)a(79.19±2.91)b
(93.68±1.43)a(79.20±2.13)b
(94.34±0.82)a2.4%天然苦皮藤素EW
2.4% Natural celangulins EW36(45.43±2.24)cd(46.63±2.74)cd(46.72±5.02)cd0.6%天然除虫菊素EW
0.6% Natural pyrethrins EW9(49.95±1.79)c(50.96±3.71)c(51.92±3.47)c
2.5防治萝卜蚜田间药效试验
对十字花科蔬菜蚜虫萝卜蚜药效试验结果见表5。复配制剂防治效果和速效性明显提高,有效用量27~45 g/hm2防效为77.10%~94.44%,明显优于单剂防效。
2.6防治绣线菊蚜田间药效试验
复配制剂对绣线菊蚜也表现出较好的防治效果和速效性(表6),1 200~2 000 mg/L时,防效均优于两种单剂。
表63%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素水乳剂防治绣线菊蚜田间防效
Table 6Field efficacy of 3% natural celangulins with pyrethrins EW on A.citricola处理
Treatment有效用量/g·hm-2
Effective amount防效/% Control efficiency1d3d7d3%天然苦皮藤素·除虫菊素EW
3% Natural celangulins with pyrethrins EW1 200
2 000(83.01±1.59)b
(96.97±0.40)a(82.80±0.91)b
(97.89±0.34)a(83.92±1.70)b
(97.47±0.21)a2.4%天然苦皮藤素EW
2.4% Natural celangulins EW2 000(63.99±0.56)cd(64.45±1.76)d(64.06±1.65)d0.6%天然除蟲菊素EW
0.6% Natural pyrethrins EW2 000(64.52±1.90)c(73.13±2.09)c(72.45±1.88)c
3讨论
把不同作用机制的农药科学合理地复配混用,可起到扩大防治范围,兼治不同病虫害,降低毒性,增加药效,减少用药频次,省时省工,降低成本,延缓抗药性产生等效果[9]。本研究将苦皮藤素和除虫菊素两种天然杀虫剂成分混用对3种重要的蚜虫类害虫具有显著的增效作用。而且,复配使用后在田间表现出明显增强的防治效果,速效性和持效性也明显改善。因此,与现有的单一制剂相比,在保持良好的杀虫效果的情况下,可以有效地降低农药使用成本。由于复配制剂在田间的增效作用显著,在达到同样防治效果时可以减少农药使用剂量,有利于减缓抗性的产生和减少制剂残留量。因此,更符合安全、无污染农产品生产的需求。参考文献
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