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Inflammation is important in the pathogenesis and development of cardiovascular diseases.Recent studies show that vagus nerve stimulation inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production through "the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway," more specifically via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR).In the current study,the role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway during septic shock,hypertension,and myocardial infarction is reviewed,and its possible clinical implications in cardiovascular diseases are discussed.