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西方社会语言学家研究语言与社会的关系时,常常根据人们的经济收入、工作性质以及文化水平划分语言的社会层次,不同阶层的人在随意说话时某些语言现象会出现明显的差异。我国的社会性质与传统文化跟西方不同,划分语言的社会层次的主要依据是:(1)地位。不同社会地位的人说话各异。同样一句话,出自有地位的人之口很管用,而地位低的人说了一筐一箩也不大起作用。前者属上层社会人物,后者处于社会底层。(2)等级。上级和下级、长辈和晚辈,以及家庭背景、经济收入、文凭有无,都会形成不同的社会等级,出现所谓“上等人”与“下等人”,在各自的心里分出上下尊卑来。(3)关系。汉民族有讲究人际关系的传统。关系的有无与亲疏,也直接影响说话。汉人对没关系或关系疏远的人说话和行动往往比较生硬,甚至互不相让,毫不客气,因为彼此之间社会距离大;可是一见到熟人或亲近的人顿时满脸生辉,说话和气,很有谦让精神,因为彼此之间社会距离小。只
When studying the relations between language and society, western social linguists usually divide the social level of language according to people’s economic income, working nature and cultural level. Some linguistic phenomena of different social groups are obviously different when speaking freely. The social and traditional cultures of our country are different from the West. The main basis for dividing the social level of language is: (1) status. People of different social status speak differently. In the same sentence, the mouth of a person who has status is very useful, while a person with a low status says nothing. The former belong to the upper social figures, the latter in the bottom of society. (2) Level. Superior and subordinate, elders and juniors, as well as family background, income and diploma, will all form different social levels. There will be so-called “superior people” and “inferior people” . (3) the relationship. Han nationality has a tradition of paying attention to interpersonal relationships. The relationship between the presence and absence, but also directly affect the speech. Han Chinese people who speak or act aloof or irrelevant tend to be stiff and even noncommittal because they have a great social distance from each other. However, when they meet acquaintances or those who are close, Very modest, because of the small social distance between each other. only