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肠道菌群是机体的重要组分，与婴幼儿健康息息相关。关于肠道菌群的来源与建立机制存在许多假说，但大部分理论尚存争议。而肠道菌群也并非一成不变，其生物多样性、丰度等都会随着婴幼儿生长发育不断分化与演化。目前认为肠道菌群在维系婴幼儿机体的内环境稳态中起到多种作用。该文就近年来对婴幼儿肠道菌群的生理学相关基础研究进行综述，旨在为该分支学科在儿科学领域的发展提供参考。“,”Intestinal flora is an important component of the body and is closely related to the health of infants and toddlers.There are many hypotheses about the origin and establishment mechanism of intestinal flora, but most theories are still controversial.The intestinal flora is not static, and its biodiversity and abundance will continue to differentiate and evolve with the growth and development of nurslings.It is now believed that intestinal flora plays a variety of roles in maintaining the homeostasis of the infant's internal environment.This review summarizes the basic research on the physiology of infantile intestinal flora in recent years, to provide some reference for the development of this branch in the field of pediatrics.