We observe the morphological change and grain structure of Ni foil when it is ablated with femtosecond laser pulses. Scanning electron microscopy and ˉeld emission transmission electron microscopy are used to study the nature of the morphology and grain s
A simplified Coulomb explosion model is presented for the analysis of the explosion dynamics of hydrogen clusters driven by an ultrashort intense laser pulse. The scaling of the proton kinetic energy with cluster size has been studied in detail based on t