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页岩气和致密油气开发应用的水平井分段压裂技术,可沟通更多储层裂缝及微裂缝,提供更大的泄油面积和体积,从而大幅提高单井产量。当前分段压裂技术依托的压裂液主要为清水压裂液、氮气泡沫压裂液、交联压裂液等,其中使用最为广泛、对环境影响相对最小的是清水压裂液。清水压裂液中98%都是水,其余2%的成分是化学添加剂。清水压裂等水力压裂技术用水量大,对水源品质及水量要求极高,生态成本高。北美以清水压裂为基础的压裂液使用比例已经明显下降,常规压裂和混合压裂等低耗水压裂比例在上升。新压裂技术及压裂液类型将成为一个不可阻挡的发展趋势,纯气体压裂、液态气体压裂或超能气体压裂等更为清洁的压裂方式,势必成为研发应用的主要方向,包括LPG(液化石油气)压裂、纯氮气压裂、CO2压裂及超临界CO2压裂等。
Horizontal well fracturing technology developed for shale gas and tight oil and gas applications can communicate more fractures and micro-fractures in reservoirs and provide greater drainage area and volume, resulting in a significant increase in single-well production. The fracturing fluid based on the current segmental fracturing technology is mainly fresh water fracturing fluid, nitrogen foam fracturing fluid, and cross-linked fracturing fluid. The most widely used fracturing fluid is the fresh water fracturing fluid with the least impact on the environment. 98% of fresh water fracturing fluid is water, the remaining 2% of the ingredients are chemical additives. Water fracs and other hydraulic fracturing technology with large amount of water quality and water requirements of the very high ecological costs. The use of fracturing fluid based on fresh water fracturing in North America has decreased significantly, and the proportion of low-water fracturing such as conventional fracturing and mixed fracturing is on the rise. The new fracturing technology and fracturing fluid type will become an irresistible trend of development. Cleaner fracturing methods such as pure gas fracturing, liquid gas fracturing or super-energetic gas fracturing will inevitably become the main direction of research and development applications, Including LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) fracturing, pure nitrogen fracturing, CO2 fracturing and supercritical CO2 fracturing.