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英《柳叶刀》杂志第280卷第6216期(1980年)发表一篇短评:尽管结核病和支气管扩张的流行情况有所下降,但咯血通常仍是诊断中的一个问题。一份详细的病史对诊断可能有帮助,包括新近口腔治疗或全身麻醉的任何详细资料。在儿童中,另外的可能性是吸入糖果或食物,引起咯血。病史和临床检查有助于排除咯血是由于鼻出血、牙龈出血或吐血所致。首先应该作胸部X线检查。多数真正咯血病人有潜在的肺梗塞、肺炎或急性支气管炎,并且通常有肺疾病史以及放射照相异常现象。异常现象可在X线片上见到,但是通常的原因并不需要用支气管镜检。有结核或支气管扩张病史的病人常有复发性咯血,在某些情况
Volume 280, Issue 6216 (1980), The Lancet, England, published a short commentary: Although the prevalence of tuberculosis and bronchiectasis has declined, hemoptysis is usually still a problem in diagnosis. A detailed medical history may be helpful in diagnosis, including any details of recent oral care or general anesthesia. In children, another possibility is to inhale candy or food, causing hemoptysis. History and clinical tests help to rule out hemoptysis due to epistaxis, bleeding gums or hematemesis. First of all, chest X-ray examination should be done. Most patients with true hemoptysis have potential pulmonary infarction, pneumonia, or acute bronchitis and often have a history of lung disease and radiographic abnormalities. Abnormalities can be seen on the X-ray film, but the usual cause does not require bronchoscopy. Patients with a history of tuberculosis or bronchiectasis often have recurrent hemoptysis, in some cases