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苏联是人类历史上第一个社会主义国家。苏联社会主义建设模式对其他社会主义国家的发展产生了重要影响。在苏俄建立之初,列宁对怎样建设社会主义做出了许多有益的探索。斯大林在领导苏联人民进行社会主义建设的过程中逐步形成了高度集中的政治经济体制,即斯大林模式。该模式曾经取得重大成就,但也存在严重的问题。二战后,东欧和亚洲的一系列人民民主国家走上了社会主义道路,形成了以苏联为首的社会主义阵营。但在发展过程中,斯大林模式的弊端也日益显露,严重阻碍了苏联及其它社会主义国家国民经济和各项事业的发展。虽有赫鲁晓夫、勃列日涅夫改革,仍未从根本上改变旧体制;戈尔巴乔夫的后期改革则逐渐偏离社会主义方向,直至东欧剧变,苏联解体。中国在改革开放中走上了建设中国特色的社会主义道路,取得了巨大成就。
The Soviet Union was the first socialist country in human history. The socialist construction model of the Soviet Union has had an important influence on the development of other socialist countries. At the beginning of the establishment of Soviet Russia, Lenin made many useful explorations on how to build socialism. In the process of leading the Soviet people in socialist construction, Stalin gradually formed a highly concentrated political and economic system, the Stalin model. The model has made great achievements, but there are also serious problems. After World War II, a series of people’s democracies in Eastern Europe and Asia embarked on the socialist road and formed a socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union. However, in the course of development, the drawbacks of the Stalin model are increasingly exposed, which seriously hampers the development of the national economy and various undertakings of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. Although the Khrushchov and Brezhnev reforms have not fundamentally changed the old system, Gorbachev’s later reforms have gradually deviated from the direction of socialism until the dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In the course of reform and opening up, China embarked on the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and achieved great successes.