论文部分内容阅读
受疫苗在感染性疾病治疗中的影响,肿瘤疫苗在本世纪初开始使用于临床.有所不同的是:前者一般用于预防,而后者往往是治疗的目的.两种疫苗均是使用减毒的全细胞、细胞壁、特异性抗原或非致病性的活微生物来刺激病人的免疫系统.用肿瘤疫苗进行主动免疫治疗的目的是:克服因肿瘤产物造成的免疫抑制状态;刺激特异性免疫来攻击肿瘤细胞;增强肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)的免疫原性.1 TAA在肿瘤宿主对抗中是靶目标如前节所述,肿瘤细胞表达的可能具有免疫原性的分子一般称之为TAA.TAA可分为四类.第一类包括新抗原neoantigens不在肿瘤衍化来源的正常组织表达,可在其他正常组织表达.如与人类黑色素瘤相关的神经节苷脂(Gan- glioside)GD_2,在黑色素瘤细胞上表达,但不在正常黑色素细胞上表达,而在人类脑和脊髓细胞上有所发现.O-乙酰化的GD_3(O-acetylated GD_3)也在黑色素瘤细胞上发现,但黑色素细胞上没有.然而人类T淋巴细胞上有.近来证实的黑色素瘤相关蛋白抗原MAGE-1和MAGE-3在正常黑色素细胞上不表达,可在正常睾丸组织中发现.第二类TAA系统包括瘤胎抗原(Oncofetal antigen),如癌胚抗原(CEA),不在任何正常组织表达但在胚胎组织表达.第三类是一小组可能真正的所谓特异性抗原(Tumor specific antigens).只在肿瘤组织表达,在
Due to the impact of vaccines in the treatment of infectious diseases, tumor vaccines began to be used clinically at the beginning of this century. The difference is that the former are generally used for prevention, while the latter are often the purpose of treatment. Both vaccines use attenuated drugs. Whole cells, cell walls, specific antigens, or non-pathogenic living microorganisms to stimulate the patient’s immune system. The purpose of active immunotherapy with tumor vaccines is to overcome the immunosuppressive state caused by tumor products; to stimulate specific immunity. Attacks tumor cells; enhances the immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens (TAA). 1 TAA is a target in tumor host confrontation. As mentioned in the previous section, the molecules that may be immunogenic expressed by tumor cells are generally referred to as TAA.TAA. Can be divided into four categories. The first category includes the new antigen neoantigens are not expressed in the normal tissues of tumor derived sources and can be expressed in other normal tissues. For example, ganglioside GD_2 associated with human melanoma, in melanoma Expressed on cells, but not on normal melanocytes, but found in human brain and spinal cord cells. O-acetylated GD_3 (O-acetylated GD_3) is also fine in melanoma It was found on melanocytes but not on melanocytes. However, the recently confirmed melanoma-associated protein antigens MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 on human T lymphocytes are not expressed on normal melanocytes and can be found in normal testis tissue. TAA-like systems include Oncofetal antigens, such as Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), which are not expressed in any normal tissues but are expressed in embryonic tissues. The third type is a group of possibly so-called Tumor specific antigens. Only expressed in tumor tissue,