论文部分内容阅读
庄仆是中世纪英国庄园自营地上的全职工资劳动者,其前身可以追溯到11世纪末的奴隶,并在此后的两个世纪里经历了由服役庄仆向领薪庄仆的转变。庄仆长期从事一些专门工作,与惯例佃农和临时雇工一道满足了领主不同方面的需求。庄仆的报酬是其维持生计的主要来源,形式多样,主要由谷物和货币组成,在经历黑死病之前的下降之后,其待遇在中世纪晚期不断改善。但由于此时高工资和低物价的影响,领主对于直接进行农业生产失去兴趣,自营地逐渐被出租,传统的庄仆也就从历史上消失了。
Trained as a full-time wage laborer on a self-owned ground in a medieval English manor, Travis was a predecessor dating back to slavery at the end of the 11th century and for the next two centuries underwent a shift from service servants to wage-earners. Chuang-chuen has long been involved in some specialized jobs, meeting the needs of lords in various ways, along with the customary tenant farmers and temporary employees. The servant’s remuneration, the main source of his subsistence, varied in form and consisted chiefly of cereals and money, and his treatment continued to improve in the late Middle Ages after the decline before the Black Death. However, due to the impact of high wages and low prices at this time, the lords lost interest in direct agricultural production and gradually became self-employed and let the traditional servants disappear from history.