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在西方哲学史上,从亚里士多德开始逐步形成了把哲学分为理论哲学和实践哲学的传统,前者研究形而上学、认识论和语言逻辑等,后者研究伦理、经济、政治、社会、历史等人类实践领域。在该传统中,亚里士多德从最普遍原理和终极原因出发解释一切,包括实践,从而形成了一种以理论哲学为第一哲学的模式;康德把知识限定在现象界,把道德奠基于本体界,从而形成了一种以实践哲学为第一哲学的模式。以此为参照,在马克思主义哲学中也可区分出两种模式:一是由老年恩格斯所建构的、以理论哲学为第一哲学的模式,它用物质解释一切,包括实践;二是从青年马克思的手稿、特别是《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中阐发出来的、以实践哲学为第一哲学的模式,它用实践解释一切,包括自然。不管在哪种模式中,马克思本人都只提供实践哲学。可实际上,马克思也有自己的理论哲学,那就是他的理论辩证法。一旦马克思的理论哲学得到阐发,一种新的马克思主义第一哲学的模式就可以期待。
In the history of western philosophy, Aristotle gradually formed a tradition of dividing philosophy into theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy. The former studied metaphysics, epistemology and linguistic logic. The latter studied ethics, economy, politics, society, history, etc. The field of human practice. In this tradition, Aristotle explained everything from the most universal principle and the ultimate cause, including practice, thus forming a model of theoretical philosophy as the first philosophy. Kant limited knowledge to the phenomenal world and established moral foundation In the ontology, thus forming a model of practical philosophy as the first philosophy. Taking this as a reference, two modes can be distinguished in Marxist philosophy: one is the model of the first philosophy constructed by the elderly Engels, taking the theoretical philosophy as the first philosophy, which uses the material to explain everything, including practice; the second is from the youth Marx’s manuscripts, especially the “Philosophical Manuscripts in Economics of 1844,” elucidate the philosophy of practice as the first philosophical model and explain everything in practice, including nature. No matter in what mode, Marx himself only provides practical philosophy. In fact, Marx also has its own theoretical philosophy, that is, his theory of dialectics. Once Marx’s theoretical philosophy has been elucidated, a new model of Marxist first philosophy can be expected.