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[目的]对超高产群体进行构建研究,并探讨高产群体形成机制。[方法]以超级粳稻品种龙粳21为材料,设置2个水平的行距处理,3个水平的穴距处理和3个水平的穴基本苗数量处理,测定不同处理生育期、干物质积累量、叶面积,产量和产量构成要素等相关指标。[结果]产量与株距和行距呈显著负相关关系,与每穴苗数相关性不显著,对产量的影响程度表现为株距>行距>苗数。超级粳稻品种龙粳21最优群体插植规格是行距24 cm×株距12 cm,每穴5株基本苗,产量达到10 473.0kg/hm~2,高产原因主要是群体颖花量增多(4.5×108个/hm~2以上)。超高产群体在生育前期群体茎蘖稳步增长,至有效分蘖临界叶龄期(6月25日)达适宜穗数,高峰苗出现在拔节期(7月6日),数量少(为预期穗数的1.2倍),抽穗期成穗率高(>85%)。超高产群体在拔节-抽穗期干物质积累量大,抽穗期叶面积指数高、群体质量优[高效叶面积率、总颖花量、颖花/叶(cm~2)和单茎茎鞘重均高],在抽穗期-成熟期光合能力强(叶面积衰减率小,光合势、群体生长率和净同化率均高)、干物质积累量高、群体库容的总充实量大、茎鞘物质的输出与转运协调(实粒数/叶和粒重/叶)均高。[结论]以足够穗数为基础,提高抽穗期-成熟期光合效率,从而提高群体库容总充实量,是寒地粳型超级稻的超高产特征。
[Objective] The research aimed to construct super-high-yielding population and explore the mechanism of high-yield population formation. [Method] With super japonica variety Longjing 21 as material, two horizontal row spacing treatments, three horizontal hole spacing treatments, and three levels of hole basic seedling number treatments were set up to measure the growth and dry matter accumulation, Leaf area, yield and yield components and other related indicators. [Result] The yield had a significant negative correlation with plant spacing and row spacing, but had no significant correlation with the number of seedlings per hole, and the effect on yield was as follows: plant spacing> row spacing> seedling number. The optimal planting density for super japonica variety Longjing 21 was 24 cm × 12 cm spacing and 5 basic seedlings per hole, with a yield of 10 473.0 kg / hm ~ 2. The main reasons for high yield were the increase of population spikelets (4.5 × 108 / hm ~ 2 or more). The stems and tillers of the super-high-yielding population increased steadily in the early growth period, reaching the optimum number of spikes at the critical tillering stage of effective tillering (June 25). The peak seedlings appeared at the jointing stage (July 6) with a small number (the expected number of spikes 1.2 times), heading rate of the ear (> 85%). The results showed that the super high-yielding population had higher dry matter accumulation at jointing-heading stage, higher LAI at heading stage, higher population quality [high LAI, total spikelet, spikelet / leaf (cm ~ 2) High photosynthetic ability (low leaf area decay rate, photosynthetic potential, population growth rate and net assimilation rate) at heading-maturing stage, high dry matter accumulation, large total population capacity, Coordination of material output and transport (number of grains / leaf and grain weight / leaf) are high. [Conclusion] Based on the sufficient number of ears, the photosynthetic efficiency at heading-maturity stage was increased, and the total seedling storage capacity was increased. It was the super-high-yielding characteristic of japonica super rice in cold region.