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经济增长理论这门学科的处理分为迥然不同的两部分:一般论述和极其简单化的符号模型这两者间有着一道鸿沟。任何一种考察单独地都不会令人满意。前一种通常缺少分析;后一种过于狭隘,它的确切性是假的。我们这个体系的需求方面,首先是作为一个独立变数的投资,其次是通过自由支配的收入而与投资结成函数关系的消费,同时考虑或不考虑政府和其他因素(如折旧等)的存在。在生产能力方面,则涉及到:劳动人口的增长及其构成的变化,和其他种种变化,如工作的时间、工人的训练和技能、劳动的数量、制度的条件、地理的变动、资本的积累和广义的技术进步。当经验资料搜集以后,增长理论最直接明了的考察方法是把技术进步和资本积累作为它的两个最重要因素,从正面探讨它们的原因。尽管目前经济增长模型存在着简单化、抽象化、狭隘性等缺点,它们对于了解我们的经济体系的运行,不是完全没有用处。撇开形式数学不谈,要是我们考虑到,生产能力的扩充与投资有关,总需求的增长与投资增长率有关,因而要使经济保持平稳,就须要收入(很可能还有投资)的不断增长;那末,资本主义制度的性质及其逐年保持充分就业的困难就更容易理解了。要是我们进一步观察到,资本量与产量的关系决定于产量增长率(和储蓄倾向),在当前条件下,有一个收入增长率可以保持资本与产量的平衡,从而避免资本的过分积累;那末,投资过度与投资不足,储蓄过度与储蓄不足,利润率下降,投资机会消失等理论就可得到适当的安排。经济稳定将成为经济增长问题的一个特例。
The treatment of the discipline of economic growth is divided into two very different parts: the general discourse and the simplistic symbolic model have a gulf between them. None of the examinations alone would be satisfactory. The former is usually lack of analysis; the latter is too narrow, its exactness is false. The demand side of our system is first of all an investment as an independent variable, followed by consumption as a function of investment through discretionary income, with or without consideration of the existence of government and other factors such as depreciation. In terms of productive capacity, it relates to: the growth of the labor force and its composition, and other changes such as the timing of work, the training and skills of workers, the quantity of labor, the conditions of institutions, the changes in geography, the accumulation of capital And generalized technological progress. After the empirical data have been collected, the most direct and explicit way of looking at growth theory is to take technological progress and capital accumulation as its two most important factors, and discuss their reasons from the front. Despite the shortcomings of the current economic growth models such as simplification, abstraction and narrowness, they are not entirely useless to understand the operation of our economy. Regardless of formal mathematics, if we consider that the expansion of productive capacity is related to investment, and the growth of aggregate demand is related to the rate of investment growth, the steady increase in income (and possibly investment) Then the nature of the capitalist system and the difficulty of maintaining full employment year by year will be easier to understand. If we further observe that the relationship between capital and output depends on the rate of yield growth (and the propensity to save), under the current conditions there is a rate of income growth that maintains a balance between capital and output and thus avoids the excessive accumulation of capital; Overinvestment and underinvestment, over and underpayments, declining profitability, disappearance of investment opportunities and others can all be properly arranged. Economic stability will be a special case of economic growth.