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[摘要]目的 探讨中重度颈脊髓压迫患者术前术后MRI变化,指导颈椎病的治疗及疗效评价。 方法 收集山西医学科学院、山西大医院骨科2011年11月21日~ 2014年5月15日525例颈椎手术患者和38例体检中心健康人群一般资料、术前术后JOA评分及颈椎MRI资料,并根据颈脊髓受压程度及影像学表现选取中重度颈脊髓受压患者221例,其中中度受压组168例,重度受压组53例,观察颈脊髓形态并测量C3~7脊髓及椎管矢状径。 结果 (1)中度组术前JOA评分为(7.96±2.54)分,术后JOA评分为(12.42±2.18)分;重度组术前JOA评分为(6.88±2.57)分,术后JOA评分为(12.31±2.24)分。两组术后JOA评分较术前明显改善(P<0.05)。中、重度颈脊髓受压组JOA评分改善率分别为(65.45%±2.01%)、(44.60%±1.17%)。受压程度越小,JOA评分改善率越好(P<0.05)。(2)正常人群脊髓矢状径(6.68±0.80)mm,椎管矢状径为(16.27±0.35)mm;中度组术前脊髓矢状径(5.81±0.41)mm,椎管矢状径为(12.30±0.32)mm,术后脊髓矢状径(6.77±0.65)mm,椎管矢状径为(15.05±0.61)mm;重度组术前脊髓矢状径(5.01±0.65)mm,椎管矢状径为(11.40±0.44)mm,术后脊髓矢状径(6.64±0.71)mm,椎管矢状径为(14.95±0.77)mm。与正常人群相比,中重度颈脊髓受压患者的脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径明显狭窄(P<0.05)。中、重组术前术后矢状径改变均有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后椎管狭窄程度明显改善。(3)中重度颈脊髓受压患者颈椎MRI中T2节段高信号术前共181例;术后T2高信号好转101例。 结论 (1)术前颈椎MRI可较清晰的显示颈椎、椎间盘及周围组织的病变程度;术后颈椎MRI为评价颈椎手术疗效、患者症状改善程度及康复锻炼的指导等提供科学客观的影像学资料。(2)中重度脊髓压迫患者术前术后的MRI脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径改变与JOA改善率密切相关,脊髓受压越轻,术后改善率越高。
[关键词]颈脊髓压迫;颈椎MRI;脊髓型颈椎病
[中图分类号] R445 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 2095-0616(2015)15-168-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore MRI changes of patients with moderate and severe cervical cord compression before and after the operation so as to guide the treatment and curative effective evaluation of cervical spondylosis. Methods Basic data, JOA scores before and after operation and MRI data of cervical spine of 525 patients who were admitted to department of orthopedics in Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi DAYI Hospital to receive cervical operation from November 21, 2011 to May 15, 2014 and 38 healthy people in Medical Examination Center were collected. 221 patients with moderate to severe cervical cord compression were selected according to degrees of cervical cord compression and imaging findings, of which, 168 patients were in the moderate cervical cord compression group and 53 patients were in severe cervical cord compression group. Morphology of cervical cord was observed, in addition, sagittal diameter of spinal cord and spinal canal were measured. Results (1) JOA scores before and after operation of the moderate group were (7.96±2.54) and (12.42±2.18) respectively while JOA scores before and after operation of the severe group were (6.88±2.57) and (12.31±2.24) respectively. JOA scores after operation were significantly improved than that before treatment in two groups (P<0.05). The improvement rates of the moderate group and the severe group were (65.45%±2.01%) and (44.60%±1.17%) respectively. The smaller the degree of compression was, the better the JOA improvement rates were (P<0.05). (2) Sagittal diameter of normal cervical cord was (6.68±0.80)mm and sagittal diameter of normal spinal canal was (16.27±0.35)mm. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal before operation of patients in the moderate group were (5.81±0.41)mm and (12.30±0.32)mm respectively. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal after operation of patients in the moderate group were (6.77±0.65)mm and (15.05±0.61)mm respectively. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal before operation of patients in the severe group were (5.01±0.65)mm and (11.40±0.44)mm respectively. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal after operation of patients in the severe group were (6.64±0.71)mm and (14.95±0.77)mm respectively. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal of patients with moderate to severe cervical cord compression were significantly narrow compared with normal people (P<0.05). Changes of sagittal diameters before and after operation had statistically significance. Narrow degree of spinal canal after the operation was significantly improved. 3. 181 patients with moderate to severe cervical cord compression had MRI T2 high signal before operation while 101 patients had a better MRI T2 high signal after operation. Conclusion (1)The Preoperative cervical spine MRI can clearly show the lesion degree of cervical spine, intervertebral disc and the surrounding tissues. The post-operative cervical spine MRI can provide scientific and objective image information for evaluating curative effects of operation, degree of symptoms improvement and guidance for the rehabilitation exercises. (2) Changes of sagittal diameters of MRI cervical cord and spinal canal before and after operation of patients with moderate and severe cervical cord are closely related to the JOA improvement rate. The smaller the degree of compression is, the higher the improvement rates are. [Key words] Cervical spinal cord compression; Cervical spine MRI; Cervical spondylotic myelopathy(CSM)
中重度脊髓受压是颈椎病中比较严重的一种,一部分病患甚至会失去劳动能力。近年来的研究表明,颈椎病的发病率呈上升趋势[1]。中重度的压迫一般都需要手术来解除,术前的颈椎MRI可明显提示颈椎的病变,术后的颈椎MRI检查可观察到颈椎术后恢复情况。本研究旨在探讨中重度颈脊髓受压患者术前术后MRI变化,为指导颈椎病的治疗及疗效评价提供依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集山西医学科学院、山西大医院骨科2011年11月21日~ 2014年5月15日颈椎病手术患者一般资料、术前术后JOA评分及颈椎MRI资料,观察颈脊髓形态并测量C3~7脊髓及椎管矢状径。选取中重度脊髓受压患者221例,体检中心中健康对照人群38例。在性别及年龄方面,两组人群差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中度颈脊髓受压组168例,男112例,女56例,平均年龄56.4岁(31 ~74 岁),平均病程33.5个月(6~250个月);重度脊髓受压组53例,其中男36例,女17例,平均年龄62.8岁(34~82岁),平均病程43.1个月(6~241个月)。
入选标准:需要手术治疗的颈椎病患者,并伴有中重度颈脊髓压迫特点的病例,颈椎压迫的程度的分级由我科两位具有丰富临床经验的具有副高职称的脊柱外科导师对资料进行分析评价,评价标准包括脊髓受压程度:按照受压程度1/3为界限;同时考虑是否具有椎体后缘骨赘;是否有广泛的后纵韧带增生及钙化;是否有颈椎不稳定因素;是否有发育性的椎管狭窄产生;椎体间隙高度丢失程度;椎体终板硬化程度;黄韧带是否肥厚硬化;是否有颈椎核磁中的T2加权信号异常。当评价有分歧时,由具有正高职称的教授进行分级建议补充。
排除标准:患者手术是由于颈椎外伤的(排除以具有多年颈椎压迫因外伤引起症状急性加重手术患者);非脊髓型颈椎病诊断的患者;脊椎肿瘤、结核患者;脊椎先天性畸形患者;合并其他系统病变的患者。
1.2 脊髓功能评价
根据日本矫形外科学会颈脊髓病判定评分(JOA Score,Japanese Orthopedic Association score for patients with cervical myelopathy,total 17)进行评价。通过术前及术后随访评分,计算改善率(rate of the improved JOA score,RIS)=[(术后随访评分一术前评分)/(17-术前评分)×100%][2]。
1.3 影像学评价
(1)以颈脊髓接近受压迫部位形态正常的脊髓矢状径长度为a,压迫最重部位脊髓矢状径长度为b。脊髓受压程度按照(a-b)/a×100%计算[3]。分为轻(受压程度≤1/3)、中(1/3<受压程度≤1/2)、重(受压程度>1/2)三组[4]。(2)选取中重度颈脊髓压迫组,在轴位T2加权图像上测量颈椎MRI 上C3~7脊髓受压节段处脊髓矢状径及颈椎MRI 上C3~7脊髓受压节段处椎管矢状径[5]。(3)观察中重度颈脊髓压迫组颈椎MRI上有无T2高信号[6-7]。
1.4 手术方法
选择适当手术方式[8],行两节段以上的颈前路椎间隙减压椎间融合术(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, ACDF)40例,单节段颈前路椎体次全切除椎间融合术(anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF)65例,双节段 ACCF术25例,多节段ACDF+ACCF混合手术38例,后路单开门-椎管扩大成形术 40例,颈后路C3~7全椎板减压内固定2例,后路C1~7全椎板减压内固定术3例,单椎体ACCF+单节段人工颈椎间盘置换术(artificial cervical disc replacement,C-ADR)2例,人工间盘置换结合颈前路减压融合术(Hy-Brid手术)6例。术后2周~ 4个月全部病例进行MRI检查随访。
1.5 研究方法
颈椎MRI影像学测量方法:所有患者术前及术后行颈椎MRI检查,保存资料,对照正常无颈椎患者保存其门诊或体检颈椎MRI资料。在轴位T2加权图像上测定颈脊髓硬膜囊的宽窄及脊髓矢状径长度。以颈脊髓接近受压迫部位形态正常的脊髓矢状径长度为A,压迫最重部位脊髓矢状径长度为B。脊髓矢状径减少即受压程度按照(A-B)/A×100%计算。脊髓受压迫程度设为3组,Ⅰ度组:为脊髓轻度受压:受压程度≤1/3,Ⅱ度示脊髓中度受压:1/3<受压程度≤1/2,Ⅲ度示脊髓重度受压,受压程度>1/2。收集患者术前及术后脊髓功能评分 JOA评分数据,评分项目见附表。通过术前及术后随访评分,计算改善率。收集正常对照组的颈椎MRI测量数据、中重度压迫组的椎管及脊髓MRI测量数据;进行相关性分析,得出颈椎受压受MRI改变与JOA评分的关系。
1.6 统计学分析
计量资料数据以()表示。人群的临床特征采用描述性分析。术前术后颈椎MRI椎管矢状径、脊髓矢状径、术前术后JOA评分改变如呈正态分布采用t检验,如为非正态分布的采U检验。MRI测量值和JOA评分之间的关系采用Spearman等级相关分析。所有数据采用SPSS17.0统计软件进行统计,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 正常人群与中重度组JOA评分及测量值比较
正常人群JOA评分为17分,中度组为(7.96±2.54)分,重度组为:(6.88±2.57)分,与正常人群比较,中重度组JOA评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),中重度组JOA评分明显减低。各组术前脊髓及椎管矢状径与对照组比较,有明显统计学差异。见表1。 正常人群椎管矢状径为(16.27±0.35)mm,脊髓矢状径(6.68±0.80)mm。与中重度颈脊髓受压患者比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与正常人群相比,中重度颈脊髓受压患者的脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径明显狭窄。见表1。
2.2 中重度组术前术后JOA评分及测量值比较
中重度组术前术后JOA评分如表2所示,两组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),两组术后JOA评分明显改善。中重度颈脊髓受压组JOA评分改善率分别为(65.45%±20.1%)、(44.60%±11.7%),差异有统计学意义(Z=4.257,P<0.001)。中度组较重度组总体改善较好,提示受压程度越小,JOA评分改善率越好。中重度组术前术后脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径比较如表3所示, 中、重组术前术后矢状径改变均有统计学意义(P<0.01) (表3),术后脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径均较术前增宽,缓解了脊髓受压。见表2 ~ 3。
2.3 JOA评分与MRI脊髓、椎管矢状径的相关性研究(表4 ~ 5)
在一定范围内,中重度脊髓受压患者JOA评分与患者及颈脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径有相关性,即脊髓受压程度越高,脊髓与椎管矢状径越低,JOA评分越低。通过手术,对受压脊髓进行减压后,脊髓及椎管矢状径扩大,JOA评分得到改善。见表4 ~ 5。
2.4 颈椎MRI图片
中重度颈脊髓受压患者颈椎MRI中有T2节段高信号共181例,好转101例。患者颈椎MRI图片见图1 ~ 4。
3 讨论
当颈脊髓及脊髓神经根受到来自椎管周围病变的间盘、椎体骨赘、韧带增生钙化、黄韧带肥厚、椎管内肿物等压迫占位后,椎管容积减少,脊髓神经根水肿,从而产生对应的神经受压症状[9]。根据压迫来源的方向不同,颈椎病可分为脊髓型、混合型、椎动脉型、交感型、食管型等,其中以脊髓型颈椎病(CSM)最为严重,迄今为止仍没有非手术方法可以有效的缓解其产生的临床症状。2013年Karadimas等[10]研究结果显示,经过3~6年的随访,20%~60%的未接受手术治疗的脊髓型颈椎病患者随着时间推移会出现神经系统功能的恶化。
随着核磁技术的不断发展,颈椎MRI已经成检查及诊断颈椎病的重要手段,为颈椎病的术后恢复做出指导,国内研究多集中于对颈椎形态学及髓内信号变化的研究。关于伴有中重度脊髓压迫的的患者手术前后颈椎 MRI变化的研究少见,本文通过将压迫分为轻(受压程度≤1/3、中(受压程度≤1/2)、重(受压程度>1/2)三类情况,并对其中中度及重度的病例进行资料的收集与整理分析,对比这两组资料术前术后颈椎MRI测量指标的变化,分析其 JOA评分、JOA评分改善率变化关系,探讨中重度颈脊髓压迫患者术前术后MRI变化,指导颈椎病的治疗及疗效评价。继Takahashi等[11]报道了颈椎MRI中T2高信号后,学者们通过对临床研究[12]与尸体解剖的研究发现,T2高信号与脊髓神经的受压迫程度存在相关性[13],本研究将其归类为颈椎MRI术前术后的变化因素之一,检测术后MRI中T2高信号的改变。可对患者的预后情况作出评价。
中重度脊髓受压患者术后的恢复,手术是关键,手术要点有:对受压神经组织进行彻底减压、恢复丢失的椎间隙高度、重建颈椎生理曲度以及颈椎稳定性,手术方式的选择应结合患者临床症状及影像学表现综合考虑,选择最佳手术方式[14],在之前的研究中,做过详细的分析[15]。术后的颈椎MRI复查可见于术前明显的改变,结合患者颈椎脊髓功能评分,可对临床预后疗效做出较为准确的评价,也可对术后的康复功能锻炼提出有效指导[13]。
目前此研究尚有不足,包括:对照组数量偏少,不能做到整齐的分组对照;中度及重度压迫的分组主要依靠临床医师的判断,影像学分级标准尚不统一[16];总体病例少,需要进行进一步数据收集;单一医院病历资料,入院手术患者存在入院偏倚,需要行多病例的分析等不足,尚需进一步的分析与研究。随着核磁技术的不断进步,其在临床中的应用前景越来越广,为临床医师提供更好的诊断及评估疾病的手段。
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(收稿日期:2015-04-13)
[关键词]颈脊髓压迫;颈椎MRI;脊髓型颈椎病
[中图分类号] R445 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 2095-0616(2015)15-168-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore MRI changes of patients with moderate and severe cervical cord compression before and after the operation so as to guide the treatment and curative effective evaluation of cervical spondylosis. Methods Basic data, JOA scores before and after operation and MRI data of cervical spine of 525 patients who were admitted to department of orthopedics in Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi DAYI Hospital to receive cervical operation from November 21, 2011 to May 15, 2014 and 38 healthy people in Medical Examination Center were collected. 221 patients with moderate to severe cervical cord compression were selected according to degrees of cervical cord compression and imaging findings, of which, 168 patients were in the moderate cervical cord compression group and 53 patients were in severe cervical cord compression group. Morphology of cervical cord was observed, in addition, sagittal diameter of spinal cord and spinal canal were measured. Results (1) JOA scores before and after operation of the moderate group were (7.96±2.54) and (12.42±2.18) respectively while JOA scores before and after operation of the severe group were (6.88±2.57) and (12.31±2.24) respectively. JOA scores after operation were significantly improved than that before treatment in two groups (P<0.05). The improvement rates of the moderate group and the severe group were (65.45%±2.01%) and (44.60%±1.17%) respectively. The smaller the degree of compression was, the better the JOA improvement rates were (P<0.05). (2) Sagittal diameter of normal cervical cord was (6.68±0.80)mm and sagittal diameter of normal spinal canal was (16.27±0.35)mm. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal before operation of patients in the moderate group were (5.81±0.41)mm and (12.30±0.32)mm respectively. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal after operation of patients in the moderate group were (6.77±0.65)mm and (15.05±0.61)mm respectively. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal before operation of patients in the severe group were (5.01±0.65)mm and (11.40±0.44)mm respectively. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal after operation of patients in the severe group were (6.64±0.71)mm and (14.95±0.77)mm respectively. Sagittal diameters of cervical cord and spinal canal of patients with moderate to severe cervical cord compression were significantly narrow compared with normal people (P<0.05). Changes of sagittal diameters before and after operation had statistically significance. Narrow degree of spinal canal after the operation was significantly improved. 3. 181 patients with moderate to severe cervical cord compression had MRI T2 high signal before operation while 101 patients had a better MRI T2 high signal after operation. Conclusion (1)The Preoperative cervical spine MRI can clearly show the lesion degree of cervical spine, intervertebral disc and the surrounding tissues. The post-operative cervical spine MRI can provide scientific and objective image information for evaluating curative effects of operation, degree of symptoms improvement and guidance for the rehabilitation exercises. (2) Changes of sagittal diameters of MRI cervical cord and spinal canal before and after operation of patients with moderate and severe cervical cord are closely related to the JOA improvement rate. The smaller the degree of compression is, the higher the improvement rates are. [Key words] Cervical spinal cord compression; Cervical spine MRI; Cervical spondylotic myelopathy(CSM)
中重度脊髓受压是颈椎病中比较严重的一种,一部分病患甚至会失去劳动能力。近年来的研究表明,颈椎病的发病率呈上升趋势[1]。中重度的压迫一般都需要手术来解除,术前的颈椎MRI可明显提示颈椎的病变,术后的颈椎MRI检查可观察到颈椎术后恢复情况。本研究旨在探讨中重度颈脊髓受压患者术前术后MRI变化,为指导颈椎病的治疗及疗效评价提供依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集山西医学科学院、山西大医院骨科2011年11月21日~ 2014年5月15日颈椎病手术患者一般资料、术前术后JOA评分及颈椎MRI资料,观察颈脊髓形态并测量C3~7脊髓及椎管矢状径。选取中重度脊髓受压患者221例,体检中心中健康对照人群38例。在性别及年龄方面,两组人群差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中度颈脊髓受压组168例,男112例,女56例,平均年龄56.4岁(31 ~74 岁),平均病程33.5个月(6~250个月);重度脊髓受压组53例,其中男36例,女17例,平均年龄62.8岁(34~82岁),平均病程43.1个月(6~241个月)。
入选标准:需要手术治疗的颈椎病患者,并伴有中重度颈脊髓压迫特点的病例,颈椎压迫的程度的分级由我科两位具有丰富临床经验的具有副高职称的脊柱外科导师对资料进行分析评价,评价标准包括脊髓受压程度:按照受压程度1/3为界限;同时考虑是否具有椎体后缘骨赘;是否有广泛的后纵韧带增生及钙化;是否有颈椎不稳定因素;是否有发育性的椎管狭窄产生;椎体间隙高度丢失程度;椎体终板硬化程度;黄韧带是否肥厚硬化;是否有颈椎核磁中的T2加权信号异常。当评价有分歧时,由具有正高职称的教授进行分级建议补充。
排除标准:患者手术是由于颈椎外伤的(排除以具有多年颈椎压迫因外伤引起症状急性加重手术患者);非脊髓型颈椎病诊断的患者;脊椎肿瘤、结核患者;脊椎先天性畸形患者;合并其他系统病变的患者。
1.2 脊髓功能评价
根据日本矫形外科学会颈脊髓病判定评分(JOA Score,Japanese Orthopedic Association score for patients with cervical myelopathy,total 17)进行评价。通过术前及术后随访评分,计算改善率(rate of the improved JOA score,RIS)=[(术后随访评分一术前评分)/(17-术前评分)×100%][2]。
1.3 影像学评价
(1)以颈脊髓接近受压迫部位形态正常的脊髓矢状径长度为a,压迫最重部位脊髓矢状径长度为b。脊髓受压程度按照(a-b)/a×100%计算[3]。分为轻(受压程度≤1/3)、中(1/3<受压程度≤1/2)、重(受压程度>1/2)三组[4]。(2)选取中重度颈脊髓压迫组,在轴位T2加权图像上测量颈椎MRI 上C3~7脊髓受压节段处脊髓矢状径及颈椎MRI 上C3~7脊髓受压节段处椎管矢状径[5]。(3)观察中重度颈脊髓压迫组颈椎MRI上有无T2高信号[6-7]。
1.4 手术方法
选择适当手术方式[8],行两节段以上的颈前路椎间隙减压椎间融合术(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, ACDF)40例,单节段颈前路椎体次全切除椎间融合术(anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF)65例,双节段 ACCF术25例,多节段ACDF+ACCF混合手术38例,后路单开门-椎管扩大成形术 40例,颈后路C3~7全椎板减压内固定2例,后路C1~7全椎板减压内固定术3例,单椎体ACCF+单节段人工颈椎间盘置换术(artificial cervical disc replacement,C-ADR)2例,人工间盘置换结合颈前路减压融合术(Hy-Brid手术)6例。术后2周~ 4个月全部病例进行MRI检查随访。
1.5 研究方法
颈椎MRI影像学测量方法:所有患者术前及术后行颈椎MRI检查,保存资料,对照正常无颈椎患者保存其门诊或体检颈椎MRI资料。在轴位T2加权图像上测定颈脊髓硬膜囊的宽窄及脊髓矢状径长度。以颈脊髓接近受压迫部位形态正常的脊髓矢状径长度为A,压迫最重部位脊髓矢状径长度为B。脊髓矢状径减少即受压程度按照(A-B)/A×100%计算。脊髓受压迫程度设为3组,Ⅰ度组:为脊髓轻度受压:受压程度≤1/3,Ⅱ度示脊髓中度受压:1/3<受压程度≤1/2,Ⅲ度示脊髓重度受压,受压程度>1/2。收集患者术前及术后脊髓功能评分 JOA评分数据,评分项目见附表。通过术前及术后随访评分,计算改善率。收集正常对照组的颈椎MRI测量数据、中重度压迫组的椎管及脊髓MRI测量数据;进行相关性分析,得出颈椎受压受MRI改变与JOA评分的关系。
1.6 统计学分析
计量资料数据以()表示。人群的临床特征采用描述性分析。术前术后颈椎MRI椎管矢状径、脊髓矢状径、术前术后JOA评分改变如呈正态分布采用t检验,如为非正态分布的采U检验。MRI测量值和JOA评分之间的关系采用Spearman等级相关分析。所有数据采用SPSS17.0统计软件进行统计,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 正常人群与中重度组JOA评分及测量值比较
正常人群JOA评分为17分,中度组为(7.96±2.54)分,重度组为:(6.88±2.57)分,与正常人群比较,中重度组JOA评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),中重度组JOA评分明显减低。各组术前脊髓及椎管矢状径与对照组比较,有明显统计学差异。见表1。 正常人群椎管矢状径为(16.27±0.35)mm,脊髓矢状径(6.68±0.80)mm。与中重度颈脊髓受压患者比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与正常人群相比,中重度颈脊髓受压患者的脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径明显狭窄。见表1。
2.2 中重度组术前术后JOA评分及测量值比较
中重度组术前术后JOA评分如表2所示,两组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),两组术后JOA评分明显改善。中重度颈脊髓受压组JOA评分改善率分别为(65.45%±20.1%)、(44.60%±11.7%),差异有统计学意义(Z=4.257,P<0.001)。中度组较重度组总体改善较好,提示受压程度越小,JOA评分改善率越好。中重度组术前术后脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径比较如表3所示, 中、重组术前术后矢状径改变均有统计学意义(P<0.01) (表3),术后脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径均较术前增宽,缓解了脊髓受压。见表2 ~ 3。
2.3 JOA评分与MRI脊髓、椎管矢状径的相关性研究(表4 ~ 5)
在一定范围内,中重度脊髓受压患者JOA评分与患者及颈脊髓矢状径、椎管矢状径有相关性,即脊髓受压程度越高,脊髓与椎管矢状径越低,JOA评分越低。通过手术,对受压脊髓进行减压后,脊髓及椎管矢状径扩大,JOA评分得到改善。见表4 ~ 5。
2.4 颈椎MRI图片
中重度颈脊髓受压患者颈椎MRI中有T2节段高信号共181例,好转101例。患者颈椎MRI图片见图1 ~ 4。
3 讨论
当颈脊髓及脊髓神经根受到来自椎管周围病变的间盘、椎体骨赘、韧带增生钙化、黄韧带肥厚、椎管内肿物等压迫占位后,椎管容积减少,脊髓神经根水肿,从而产生对应的神经受压症状[9]。根据压迫来源的方向不同,颈椎病可分为脊髓型、混合型、椎动脉型、交感型、食管型等,其中以脊髓型颈椎病(CSM)最为严重,迄今为止仍没有非手术方法可以有效的缓解其产生的临床症状。2013年Karadimas等[10]研究结果显示,经过3~6年的随访,20%~60%的未接受手术治疗的脊髓型颈椎病患者随着时间推移会出现神经系统功能的恶化。
随着核磁技术的不断发展,颈椎MRI已经成检查及诊断颈椎病的重要手段,为颈椎病的术后恢复做出指导,国内研究多集中于对颈椎形态学及髓内信号变化的研究。关于伴有中重度脊髓压迫的的患者手术前后颈椎 MRI变化的研究少见,本文通过将压迫分为轻(受压程度≤1/3、中(受压程度≤1/2)、重(受压程度>1/2)三类情况,并对其中中度及重度的病例进行资料的收集与整理分析,对比这两组资料术前术后颈椎MRI测量指标的变化,分析其 JOA评分、JOA评分改善率变化关系,探讨中重度颈脊髓压迫患者术前术后MRI变化,指导颈椎病的治疗及疗效评价。继Takahashi等[11]报道了颈椎MRI中T2高信号后,学者们通过对临床研究[12]与尸体解剖的研究发现,T2高信号与脊髓神经的受压迫程度存在相关性[13],本研究将其归类为颈椎MRI术前术后的变化因素之一,检测术后MRI中T2高信号的改变。可对患者的预后情况作出评价。
中重度脊髓受压患者术后的恢复,手术是关键,手术要点有:对受压神经组织进行彻底减压、恢复丢失的椎间隙高度、重建颈椎生理曲度以及颈椎稳定性,手术方式的选择应结合患者临床症状及影像学表现综合考虑,选择最佳手术方式[14],在之前的研究中,做过详细的分析[15]。术后的颈椎MRI复查可见于术前明显的改变,结合患者颈椎脊髓功能评分,可对临床预后疗效做出较为准确的评价,也可对术后的康复功能锻炼提出有效指导[13]。
目前此研究尚有不足,包括:对照组数量偏少,不能做到整齐的分组对照;中度及重度压迫的分组主要依靠临床医师的判断,影像学分级标准尚不统一[16];总体病例少,需要进行进一步数据收集;单一医院病历资料,入院手术患者存在入院偏倚,需要行多病例的分析等不足,尚需进一步的分析与研究。随着核磁技术的不断进步,其在临床中的应用前景越来越广,为临床医师提供更好的诊断及评估疾病的手段。
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(收稿日期:2015-04-13)