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同治以来,太平军势力被湘、淮清军逐渐击溃,南方社会得以安定下来。经过战火历练的督抚们开始意识到,朝廷和国家的真正敌人不再是国内民众的叛乱,而是虎视眈眈、一只脚已经踏进工业社会的西方诸强。于是,以自强为宗旨的洋务运动开始了。华北的督抚们反应迟钝,尽管他们也在镇压大规模的叛乱中成长。中原捻匪比太平军持续的时间更长,并围杀了战功显赫的清廷高级将领僧格林沁。因
Since the Tongzhi administration, the Taiping forces were gradually defeated by the Hunan and Huaiqing troops and the southern society was able to settle down. After years of war, the governors began to realize that the real enemies of the court and the country were no longer the rebellions of the people in the country, but the eyeing of the Western powers who had already entered the industrialized society. As a result, the Westernization Movement started with self-strengthening. The governors in North China were slow to respond, although they also grew up in suppressing a massive rebellion. The Central Plains twist bandits lasted longer than the Taipings and killed the monk Greenwood, a prominent high-ranking general in the Qing Dynasty, who surrounded the war. because