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康德的先验主体是一个蕴含着有限性与无限性的矛盾体,其有限性主要体现在“自在之物”所标识的人的认识能力的限度上,无限性则体现在其追求统一性和综合的努力之中,但这两种相互排斥的要素在同一个哲学体系中必然无法持久地共存。后来的德国观念论者,费希特和黑格尔朝着无限性的方向予以发挥,将康德的先验主体逐步上升为绝对主体,却又不得不纠缠于体系中的有限性宿命。马克思则更多地发挥了有限性的维度,却也要面对主体的统一性问题。这种统一性集中展现在对实践活动,尤其是工具的重新考察之中。最终他通过一个人类学的有限主体模型承接了此前哲学体系的种种矛盾和张力,实现了有限主体由认识论领域到人类学领域的转变。
Kant ’s transcendental subject is a contradictory body that contains both finiteness and infinity. Its limitation is mainly reflected in the limit of cognitive ability of the person identified by “freeness ”, and infiniteness is reflected in its pursuit of unity Sexual and integrated efforts, the two mutually exclusive elements must inevitably persist in the same philosophical system. Later German conceptists, Fichte and Hegel, exerted their utmost in the direction of infiniteness, and gradually raised Kant’s transcendental subject to absolute subject, but had to entangle the limited fate in the system. Marx played more limited dimension, but also faced the problem of unity of subject. This unity is concentrated in the re-examination of practical activities, especially the tools. In the end, through a limited subject model of anthropology, he inherited the contradictions and tensions of the previous philosophical system and realized the transformation of the limited subject from the epistemological field to the anthropological field.