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情态动词 + have + p.p.(过去分词)是中学英语教学的重点和难点,也是高考考点。现将其用法总结如下:
一.can / could, may / might, must, will / would have + p.p.可表示对过去的推测。
1. can / could have + p.p. 一般用于否定句式或疑问句,表示对过去发生的事情的怀疑或不肯定,此时could不是can的过去式,而是语气上更加不肯定。如:
Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we could have managed it without you. (2008 山东卷)
2. may / might have + p.p.认为某事在过去可能发生。Might较may 更加委婉或更加不肯定。如:
(1)We may not have proved great adventures, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years. (2006天津卷)
(2) — I wonder why Sara looks worried today.
— I’m not sure, but she might have had a small accident driving here. (2009年唐山模拟)
3. must have + p.p. 表示对过去情况的肯定的推测, 作“一定, 准是’ 解,只用于肯定形式。否定式用can / could not have + p.p.。如:
(1) I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep. (NMET89)
(2) I have lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.(2005年北京春)
另外,需要注意的是, 该句型的反义问句有两种情况。第一,如果陈述句没有具体的时间状语,反问部分可用haven’t 或didn’t。如:
You must have seen the film, haven’t /didn’t you?
第二,如果陈述部分有具体的时间状语,反问部分只能用must后第二动词的限定式。如:
(1)You must have been a teacher last year, weren’t you?
(2)It must have rained last night, didn’t it?
4. will / would have + p.p.也可表示对过去事态的肯定推测,只是would带有不肯定的含义。如:
(1)Why didn’t you buy the book ?
— I would have, but I didn’t have the money. (2006南昌模拟)
(2)He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal. (2002上海春)
二、could / might / should / ought to / would / need + p.p.通常可表示与过去事实相反的主观设想。
1. could have + p.p.表“过去本能够做某事而实际未做”。用来提出比较缓和的批评意见,有“责备”的口气。如:
You could have passed the exam.
2. might have + p.p.其肯定式表示“某事在过去本来可以做,而竟未做”,其否定形式表示“本不可以做,而做了”,含有劝告、责备之意。如:
(1)What a pity !Considering his ability and experience, he might have done better! (2008江西卷)
(2)You might not have been careless.
3. should / ought to have + p.p. 表示“过去本应该……而没有……”,否定式表示“本不应该……而……”。Ought to have + p.p.语气略强。如:
You shouldn’t have gone back to work without the doctor’s permission.
should have + p.p.还可以表示说话人对过去某件事的态度。如惊奇、怀疑、愤怒、愉快等,常常用于主语从句、宾语从句或疑问句中。
(1)I was really anxious about you. You shouldn’t have left home without a word.(2001全国卷)
(2)Why should he have taken it away?(表示愤怒)
4. would have + p.p. 表示“过去就会……而实际没……”,否定式表示“本不会,而实际却……”。如:
I wouldn’t have had to stay home while everyone else went to the dance.
5. need have + p.p. 肯定式表示“本来需要……而没有……”,否定式表示“本来不需要……而……”。如:
The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I needn’t have taken the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. (2006江西卷)
一.can / could, may / might, must, will / would have + p.p.可表示对过去的推测。
1. can / could have + p.p. 一般用于否定句式或疑问句,表示对过去发生的事情的怀疑或不肯定,此时could不是can的过去式,而是语气上更加不肯定。如:
Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we could have managed it without you. (2008 山东卷)
2. may / might have + p.p.认为某事在过去可能发生。Might较may 更加委婉或更加不肯定。如:
(1)We may not have proved great adventures, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years. (2006天津卷)
(2) — I wonder why Sara looks worried today.
— I’m not sure, but she might have had a small accident driving here. (2009年唐山模拟)
3. must have + p.p. 表示对过去情况的肯定的推测, 作“一定, 准是’ 解,只用于肯定形式。否定式用can / could not have + p.p.。如:
(1) I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep. (NMET89)
(2) I have lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.(2005年北京春)
另外,需要注意的是, 该句型的反义问句有两种情况。第一,如果陈述句没有具体的时间状语,反问部分可用haven’t 或didn’t。如:
You must have seen the film, haven’t /didn’t you?
第二,如果陈述部分有具体的时间状语,反问部分只能用must后第二动词的限定式。如:
(1)You must have been a teacher last year, weren’t you?
(2)It must have rained last night, didn’t it?
4. will / would have + p.p.也可表示对过去事态的肯定推测,只是would带有不肯定的含义。如:
(1)Why didn’t you buy the book ?
— I would have, but I didn’t have the money. (2006南昌模拟)
(2)He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal. (2002上海春)
二、could / might / should / ought to / would / need + p.p.通常可表示与过去事实相反的主观设想。
1. could have + p.p.表“过去本能够做某事而实际未做”。用来提出比较缓和的批评意见,有“责备”的口气。如:
You could have passed the exam.
2. might have + p.p.其肯定式表示“某事在过去本来可以做,而竟未做”,其否定形式表示“本不可以做,而做了”,含有劝告、责备之意。如:
(1)What a pity !Considering his ability and experience, he might have done better! (2008江西卷)
(2)You might not have been careless.
3. should / ought to have + p.p. 表示“过去本应该……而没有……”,否定式表示“本不应该……而……”。Ought to have + p.p.语气略强。如:
You shouldn’t have gone back to work without the doctor’s permission.
should have + p.p.还可以表示说话人对过去某件事的态度。如惊奇、怀疑、愤怒、愉快等,常常用于主语从句、宾语从句或疑问句中。
(1)I was really anxious about you. You shouldn’t have left home without a word.(2001全国卷)
(2)Why should he have taken it away?(表示愤怒)
4. would have + p.p. 表示“过去就会……而实际没……”,否定式表示“本不会,而实际却……”。如:
I wouldn’t have had to stay home while everyone else went to the dance.
5. need have + p.p. 肯定式表示“本来需要……而没有……”,否定式表示“本来不需要……而……”。如:
The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I needn’t have taken the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. (2006江西卷)