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水资源有着特定的资源经济属性，其开发利用的经济内涵不同于矿产、生物等各种资源。因而，水资源跨流域配置的成本收益分析与比较也不应该是简单地对可计量因子的财务核算．基于上述考虑，本文从市场原理、经济特点、成本收益及利益分配等方面，以南水北调中线工程为例，作了一些理论上的考察论证，并就其实践含义进行了探讨。
Water resources have specific economic and resource attributes. The economic connotation of their development and utilization is different from that of mineral resources and biological resources. Therefore, the cost-benefit analysis and comparison of water resources allocation across river basins should not simply be the financial accounting of measurable factors. Based on the above considerations, this article makes some theoretical expositions and demonstrations on the principles of the market, economic characteristics, cost benefits and profit distribution, taking the midline of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project as an example, and discusses its practical implications.