论文部分内容阅读
垄断者可以在产品需求所限定的范围内独立地制订价格。当边际收益为正数时,需求是有弹性的;当 MR=0时,需求弹性为1;而当 MR 为负数时,需求是缺乏弹性的。一个有用的公式是 MR=P-P/E。在即期市场上,垄断者制订的价格在于取得最大总收益,短期内制订的价格在于取得最大净收益,长期内在于取得最大净利润。在任何规定的价格下,需求弹性为1或是有弹性的。利润取决于需求——成本关系,而不取决于仅仅是垄断这一事实。如果需求增加,并且需求变得更加有弹性,而成本是不变成本,那末一个垄断者就降低价格。如果成本增加,垄断者按小于单位成本增加的数量来提高价格。在线性需求和不变成本的假设下,长期均衡中的垄断产量是竞争性产量的一半。对垄断的批判是根据消费者剩余的净损失,可能还根据公平原则,当然也根据效率原则进行的。当把动态变化考虑进去时,就可以看出垄断是暂时的。垄断定价理论适用于企业以及对公用事业条例进行估价。(全文完)
Monopolists can set prices independently within the limits of their product needs. Demand is elastic when marginal revenue is positive, demand elasticity is 1 when MR = 0, and demand is inelastic when MR is negative. A useful formula is MR = P-P / E. In the spot market, the price set by the monopolist lies in the fact that the maximum total return is obtained. The price set in the short run lies in obtaining the maximum net income and in the long run the maximum net profit. The demand elasticity is 1 or is elastic at any given price. Profit depends on the demand-cost relationship, not on the mere fact of monopoly. If demand increases and demand becomes more elastic and costs are constant, a monopoly reduces prices. If costs increase, the monopolist increases the price by an amount less than the unit cost. Under the assumption of linear demand and constant costs, monopoly production in long-run equilibrium is half that of competitive production. The critique of the monopoly is based on the net loss of consumer surplus, perhaps on the principle of equity and, of course, on the principle of efficiency. When the dynamic changes are taken into account, we can see that the monopoly is temporary. The theory of monopoly pricing applies to firms and to the valuation of utilities regulations. (Full text)