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在宋明理学家中,朱子对鬼神问题讨论得最多。他首先从阴阳二气的角度揭示了鬼神的存在本质,否定了世俗信仰中的惟灵论的鬼神观念。同时,他又根据祖先与子孙之间一气流通的生命相续关系,强调子孙生命活动之精神即是祖考精神的展现,因此,在祭祀时要以诚相感。在这两者基础上,朱子表达了对生命根源与归宿的敬畏,由此也使他的鬼神观念超越了宗教的形式而具有了哲学的意义。
Among the Neo-Confucianists, Zhu discussed the issue of ghosts and gods the most. He first revealed the essence of spirits from the perspective of yin and yang, denied the idea of spirits and gods of the spiritualism in secular beliefs. In the meantime, according to the coherent relationship between the ancestors and their descendants, he stressed that the spirit of the activities of the children and grandchildren is the manifestation of the spirit of the progenitor exams. Therefore, he should be sincere in sacrificial rites. On the basis of the two, Zhu expressed his awe of the origin and destiny of life, which also made philosophical significance of his spirits and gods beyond religious forms.