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The study examined the inhibitory effect of Atractylodes macrocephala (AM) on the uterine contraction during premature delivery and explored its electrophysiological mechanism by studying the effects of AM on the Ca2+-activated K+ currents of pregnant human myometrial smooth muscle cells with or without the treatment with interleukin-6. Single cells were acutely isolated from pregnant human myometrial smooth muscles. Whole-cell Ca2+-activated K+ currents were recorded by using an Axopatchl-D amplifier. The cells were divided into three groups: group A in which AM was added into perfusate, group B, in which intefleukin-6 was added into perfusate) and group C in which AM was added into perfusate after addition of interleukin-6. IL-6 10 ng/mL inhibited Bkca by 36.9%±13.7% as compared with control (P<0.01). AM at 2 mg/mL raised Bkca by 36.7%±22.6% or 45.2%±13.7% with or without the treatment of IL-6, respectively (P<0.01). It is concluded that AM was able to enhance the Bkca of pregnant human myometrial smooth muscle cells treated or un- treated with interleukin-6 and its effect on the Bkca IL-treated cells was stronger that its effect on Bkca of untreated cells. Our results suggested that AM can help to maintain the membrane potentials and the resting status of pregnant human myometrial smooth muscle cells.