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先看下面三道“完成句子”题：
1. It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he______ (可能参与) in planning the monument, or in helping transport and pull up the stones. (hand)
2. He looks sleepy. He must______
(熬夜了) last night, writing the essay. (stay)
3. It’s said that they have swum to the island from the continent, but they______ (不可能做到) because the ocean in between is too wide. (do)
解析 这三道题都是近几年湖北卷的英语高考题，都考查了“情态动词+have done（完成时）”表示虚拟的用法。同学们需要细细领会句子的情景特征，抓住考点，并正确识记词语搭配，如第1题，除要用到“情态动词+have done” 结构之外，还要记住搭配have a hand in doing something。当年此题得分率非常低。
【参考答案】
1．may/might/could have had a hand
2. have stayed up
3. can’t/couldn’t have done it/so/this/that
一、几组易混情态动词的用法
1．must与have to
must“必须”，强调主观上的看法，have to“不得不”，强调客观条件所迫。
例：It’s the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
There is no butter left, so we have to go without it.
must的否定式为mustn’t，表示“禁止”之意。如：
You must not smoke here.
注意 回答对must的疑问句时有所变化，例：
Must I do it at once?
— Yes, you must.
— No, you needn’t/you don’t have to.
2. can与could
二者都可以表示能力、客观可能性、许可或容许、请求、惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度等。could是can的过去时，但表示请求时，could比can语气更显委婉、礼貌。
例：Her mother can speak French. (表示能力)
Man cannot live without air. (表示可能性)
You can sit here. (表示许可)
Could I borrow your pen? (表示请求)
Hou can you be so careless! (表示惊异)
3．may与might
二者都可以表示猜测，允许，但表示猜测时，might比may的可能性小。may还可以表示祝愿。
例：It may sound like a perfect destination, but it’s really dangerous. (表示猜测)
You may start writing now—the examination will finish in three hours. (表示允许)
May you succeed! (表示祝愿)
注意 回答对may的疑问句时有所变化，例：
May I watch TV now?
— Yes, you may.
— No, you mustn’t./you’d better not.
4. shall与should
shall用于第一人称时，表示征求对方的意见，用于第二、三人称时，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁，意为“一定要”。should表示建议、命令、劝告，意为“应该”，还可以表示没想到或惊讶，意为“竟然”。
例：Shall I/we meet at the school gate? （表示征求意见）
She shall go to the teacher’s office now. (表示命令)
He shall be punished if he goes on being absent from class. (表示警告)
Tell her that she shall have the book tomorrow.（表示允诺）
It’s a pity that he should be so careless in the examination. (表示惊讶)
5. need与dare
二者相同：既作情态动词，又作行为动词。作情态动词时，常用于否定句和疑问句，否定式为need/dare not do sth; 作行为动词时，need/dare to do,否定式为don’t/doesn’t/didn’t need/dare to do。
例：You needn’t call him.
Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening?
区别：need意为“需要；必须”， dare意为“敢”，其作为情态动词有过去式为dared do sth。例：
She dared not go out at night when she was young.
注意 回答对need的疑问句时有所变化，例:
Need I tell you the news?
— Yes, you must.
— No, you needn’t.
二、“情态动词+完成时（have done）”的用法
1. must have done表示对过去行为的肯定推测（用于肯定句），意为“一定；肯定”，若用于否定句或疑问句，则用can’t/couldn’t have done，意为“不可能做了……”。
例：I’m sorry. I didn’t hear the bell. I must have fallen asleep.
I saw Mr Wang just now. He couldn’t have gone to Beijing.
2. should/ought to have done表示“本该做某事而实际未做”。
否定式：shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done表示“本不该做而实际做了”。
例：You should have been here five minutes ago.
You shouldn’t have come here alone at such a late hour.
What you ought to have done is calling the police.
3. could have done表示“本可以做而实际未能做”。
否定式：can’t/couldn’t have done，Can/Could…have done？用于否定句与疑问句时，表示对过去发生行为的怀疑或不肯定。
例：We could have solved the problem in a more reasonable way.
She can’t/couldn’t have left school, for her bike is still here.
Can he have gone to his aunt’s?
4. （1）may/might have done表示对过去（将来）发生行为的推测，意为“可能干了某事”，也可以用于否定句。
例：It’s too late. He may have gone to bed.
He may not have finished the work.
Who knows what will happen? You may even have married by then.
（2）might have done表示本来可以做某事却未做，表一种责备的语气。
例：You might have given him more help, though you were busy.
What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he might have done better!
5. needn’t have done表示本来不必做而实际上做了某事。
例：You needn’t have worked that late last night. It was harmful to your health.
I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday.
6. 其他：
（1）had better have done意为“当时最好做了某事”。
例：You had better have started earlier.
（2）would rather have done意为“当时宁愿做了某事（而未做）”。
例：I would rather have taken his advice.
（3）would like/love to have done意为“本愿意做但未做成某事”
例：I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
【练习】
1. Without the food in the village two years ago, these lovely children______ (本来能够度过一个快乐的童年). (pass)
2. It______ (一定下着大雨) when he got back home, for he was wet all over. (rain)
3. If you think that someone （可能中了毒），you should do the following. (poison)
4. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I______ (应该开车送她去那儿). （should）
5. Mr Bush is always on time for everything.______ （怎么可能）that he was late for the opening ceremony? (can)
6. What a pity! We______ (宁愿听取) our teacher’s advice yesterday. (would rather)
7. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman______ (竟然对一位女士这么粗鲁). (rude)
8. You______ (没有必要洗) all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of things. (wash)
9. Tom, you______ (不许把所有衣服放在) on the floor like this. (leave)
10. My cat is really fat. I______(不该给它这么多吃的). (give)
【参考答案】
1. should have passed a happy childhood
2. must have been raining
3. may/might have been poisoned
4. should have driven her there
5. How can/could it have been
6. would rather have followed
7. should be so rude to a lady
8. needn’t have washed______
9. mustn’t leave all your clothes
10. shouldn’t have given her so much food
1. It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones: he______ (可能参与) in planning the monument, or in helping transport and pull up the stones. (hand)
2. He looks sleepy. He must______
(熬夜了) last night, writing the essay. (stay)
3. It’s said that they have swum to the island from the continent, but they______ (不可能做到) because the ocean in between is too wide. (do)
解析 这三道题都是近几年湖北卷的英语高考题，都考查了“情态动词+have done（完成时）”表示虚拟的用法。同学们需要细细领会句子的情景特征，抓住考点，并正确识记词语搭配，如第1题，除要用到“情态动词+have done” 结构之外，还要记住搭配have a hand in doing something。当年此题得分率非常低。
【参考答案】
1．may/might/could have had a hand
2. have stayed up
3. can’t/couldn’t have done it/so/this/that
一、几组易混情态动词的用法
1．must与have to
must“必须”，强调主观上的看法，have to“不得不”，强调客观条件所迫。
例：It’s the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
There is no butter left, so we have to go without it.
must的否定式为mustn’t，表示“禁止”之意。如：
You must not smoke here.
注意 回答对must的疑问句时有所变化，例：
Must I do it at once?
— Yes, you must.
— No, you needn’t/you don’t have to.
2. can与could
二者都可以表示能力、客观可能性、许可或容许、请求、惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度等。could是can的过去时，但表示请求时，could比can语气更显委婉、礼貌。
例：Her mother can speak French. (表示能力)
Man cannot live without air. (表示可能性)
You can sit here. (表示许可)
Could I borrow your pen? (表示请求)
Hou can you be so careless! (表示惊异)
3．may与might
二者都可以表示猜测，允许，但表示猜测时，might比may的可能性小。may还可以表示祝愿。
例：It may sound like a perfect destination, but it’s really dangerous. (表示猜测)
You may start writing now—the examination will finish in three hours. (表示允许)
May you succeed! (表示祝愿)
注意 回答对may的疑问句时有所变化，例：
May I watch TV now?
— Yes, you may.
— No, you mustn’t./you’d better not.
4. shall与should
shall用于第一人称时，表示征求对方的意见，用于第二、三人称时，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁，意为“一定要”。should表示建议、命令、劝告，意为“应该”，还可以表示没想到或惊讶，意为“竟然”。
例：Shall I/we meet at the school gate? （表示征求意见）
She shall go to the teacher’s office now. (表示命令)
He shall be punished if he goes on being absent from class. (表示警告)
Tell her that she shall have the book tomorrow.（表示允诺）
It’s a pity that he should be so careless in the examination. (表示惊讶)
5. need与dare
二者相同：既作情态动词，又作行为动词。作情态动词时，常用于否定句和疑问句，否定式为need/dare not do sth; 作行为动词时，need/dare to do,否定式为don’t/doesn’t/didn’t need/dare to do。
例：You needn’t call him.
Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening?
区别：need意为“需要；必须”， dare意为“敢”，其作为情态动词有过去式为dared do sth。例：
She dared not go out at night when she was young.
注意 回答对need的疑问句时有所变化，例:
Need I tell you the news?
— Yes, you must.
— No, you needn’t.
二、“情态动词+完成时（have done）”的用法
1. must have done表示对过去行为的肯定推测（用于肯定句），意为“一定；肯定”，若用于否定句或疑问句，则用can’t/couldn’t have done，意为“不可能做了……”。
例：I’m sorry. I didn’t hear the bell. I must have fallen asleep.
I saw Mr Wang just now. He couldn’t have gone to Beijing.
2. should/ought to have done表示“本该做某事而实际未做”。
否定式：shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done表示“本不该做而实际做了”。
例：You should have been here five minutes ago.
You shouldn’t have come here alone at such a late hour.
What you ought to have done is calling the police.
3. could have done表示“本可以做而实际未能做”。
否定式：can’t/couldn’t have done，Can/Could…have done？用于否定句与疑问句时，表示对过去发生行为的怀疑或不肯定。
例：We could have solved the problem in a more reasonable way.
She can’t/couldn’t have left school, for her bike is still here.
Can he have gone to his aunt’s?
4. （1）may/might have done表示对过去（将来）发生行为的推测，意为“可能干了某事”，也可以用于否定句。
例：It’s too late. He may have gone to bed.
He may not have finished the work.
Who knows what will happen? You may even have married by then.
（2）might have done表示本来可以做某事却未做，表一种责备的语气。
例：You might have given him more help, though you were busy.
What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he might have done better!
5. needn’t have done表示本来不必做而实际上做了某事。
例：You needn’t have worked that late last night. It was harmful to your health.
I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday.
6. 其他：
（1）had better have done意为“当时最好做了某事”。
例：You had better have started earlier.
（2）would rather have done意为“当时宁愿做了某事（而未做）”。
例：I would rather have taken his advice.
（3）would like/love to have done意为“本愿意做但未做成某事”
例：I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
【练习】
1. Without the food in the village two years ago, these lovely children______ (本来能够度过一个快乐的童年). (pass)
2. It______ (一定下着大雨) when he got back home, for he was wet all over. (rain)
3. If you think that someone （可能中了毒），you should do the following. (poison)
4. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I______ (应该开车送她去那儿). （should）
5. Mr Bush is always on time for everything.______ （怎么可能）that he was late for the opening ceremony? (can)
6. What a pity! We______ (宁愿听取) our teacher’s advice yesterday. (would rather)
7. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman______ (竟然对一位女士这么粗鲁). (rude)
8. You______ (没有必要洗) all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of things. (wash)
9. Tom, you______ (不许把所有衣服放在) on the floor like this. (leave)
10. My cat is really fat. I______(不该给它这么多吃的). (give)
【参考答案】
1. should have passed a happy childhood
2. must have been raining
3. may/might have been poisoned
4. should have driven her there
5. How can/could it have been
6. would rather have followed
7. should be so rude to a lady
8. needn’t have washed______
9. mustn’t leave all your clothes
10. shouldn’t have given her so much food