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地震一旦发生,给出一个快速而合理的震害评估,对于减轻地震灾害和灾区重建具有极其重要的意义。最近几年,大量的研究工作试图在GIS平台上建立一个这样的系统以改善和加快震害评估的速度,有的已经得到了实际应用。然而,几乎所有这些研究和开发都是基于城市地区,特别是发达国家的城市地区。而对于发展中国家的乡村地区,由于不具备象发达城市地区那样的基础数据和基础设施,很难把适用于发达的城市地区的类似系统移植过来。此外,尽管同样强度的地震在发达的城市地区造成的损失远大于发展中国家的乡村地区,但地震灾害在乡村地区所造成的损失恢复起来要比在发达的城市地区困难得多。所以,有必要在GIS平台上建立一个适用于乡村地区,特别是发展中国家乡村地区的灾害评估和灾害数据管理系统。本研究的目的就是在GIS平台上建立一个适用于中国西南偏远乡村地区的地震灾害评估和灾害数据管理系统(EDMS)。建立本系统的依据是中国地震局1988年编的《地震现场工作大纲和技术指南》中的“现场地震灾害损失评估方法”。本系统由1)震后快速评估与2)震害数据管理和综合评估2部分组成。选择的范例研究区为丽江地区,使用的基础数据包括云南省特别是丽江专署和丽江县的家庭和人口分布、各乡镇的GDP等社会和经济统计数据;;1996年丽江地震的震害数据,包括建筑物的破坏状况、地震烈度、不同烈度区内的人均经济损失和人员伤亡等。该系统为我们提供了基本的可视化震害评估和震害数据管理工具,在该系统中开发的GIS地图制作和插值功能还为我们提供了比以往更细致的震害分析功能。应用上述功能分析1996年丽江地震时,发现地震烈度的衰减分布极其复杂,并不是简单地随与震中之间的距离增大而减小。从其空间分布与地质构造背景来看,这种复杂性可以用盆地中堆积物的厚度和断层的分布来解释。尽管这是一个仅适用于中国西南偏远乡村地区的并不完善的系统,我们还是希望它能对提高中国偏远乡村地区的抗震救灾能力有所帮助,对中国的同类研究有一定的参考作用。
In the event of an earthquake, a quick and reasonable earthquake damage assessment is given, which is extremely important for mitigating the earthquake disaster and reconstruction. In recent years, a large number of research efforts have attempted to establish such a system on the GIS platform to improve and speed up earthquake damage assessment, and some have been actually applied. However, almost all of these research and development are based on urban areas, especially in urban areas in developed countries. For rural areas in developing countries, it is difficult to transplant similar systems that apply to developed urban areas because they do not have the basic data and infrastructure as in developed urban areas. In addition, while losses of the same magnitude of earthquake in developed urban areas are far greater than in rural areas in developing countries, the damage caused by earthquake disasters in rural areas is much more difficult to recover than in developed urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a GIS system for disaster assessment and disaster data management applicable to rural areas, especially to rural areas in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to establish an earthquake disaster assessment and disaster data management system (EDMS) for remote rural areas in southwestern China on the GIS platform. The basis for the establishment of this system is the “Earthquake Disaster Loss Assessment Method” in the “Earthquake Slab Outline and Technical Guide” compiled by China Seismological Bureau in 1988. The system consists of 1) rapid assessment after the earthquake and 2) seismic data management and comprehensive assessment of two parts. The selected sample study area is Lijiang. The basic data used include the distribution of families and population in Yunnan Province, especially in Lijiang Prefecture and Lijiang County, as well as the social and economic statistics of each township. The data of earthquake damage in Lijiang in 1996, Including the destruction of buildings, seismic intensity, economic loss per capita in different areas of intensity and casualties. The system provides us with basic visual seismic damage assessment and seismic data management tools developed in the system of GIS map creation and interpolation also provides us with more than ever before seismic damage analysis capabilities. When applying the above functions to analyze the Lijiang earthquake in 1996, it is found that the attenuation distribution of seismic intensity is extremely complicated, not simply decreasing with the increase of the distance between the earthquakes. From the perspective of its spatial distribution and geological structure, this complexity can be explained by the thickness of sediments and the distribution of faults in the basin. Although this is an imperfect system that applies only to the remote rural areas in southwestern China, we hope it will help improve the earthquake relief capability in remote rural areas of China and provide a reference for similar studies in China.