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本文首先论述了科学制度对中国古代科学技术作用的两个途径,即政治途径和科学技术人员途径。其次分别论述了科学制度对中国古代科学技术的积极和消极作用。早期的科学制度,甚至到明初的科学制度都曾在一定程度上客观地促进了中国古代科学技术的发展;但同时也蕴含着它对古代科学技术的阻碍作用。自明朝八股文出现之后,直到清朝,科学制度不论对古代科学技术的发展,或是对近代科学技术的产生和传播都只起着堵塞的作用,以致中国古代的科学技术水平远远落后于西方近代科学技术的水平。这也从一个方面对“李约瑟难题”作出了解答。论述科学制度对中国古代科学技术的作用,其促进和阻碍两个方面都不可偏废,偏于哪一方面都是不足取的。
This article first discusses two ways that the scientific system plays an important role in ancient Chinese science and technology, namely the political approach and the scientific and technical personnel approach. Secondly, it discusses respectively the positive and negative effects of the scientific system on ancient Chinese science and technology. The early scientific system and even the scientific system at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty all promoted the development of science and technology in ancient China objectively to a certain extent. However, it also contained its impeding effect on ancient science and technology. After the Eight-Part Essay appeared in Ming dynasty, until the Qing dynasty, the scientific system played a blocking role both in the development of ancient science and technology and in the emergence and spread of modern science and technology, so that the ancient Chinese science and technology lagged far behind the West The level of modern science and technology. This also answers the “Needham Puzzle” from one aspect. On the role of the scientific system in ancient Chinese science and technology, both its promotion and its impediment should not be neglected.