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Compared to lithium-ion batteries,redox-flow batteries have attracted widespread attention for long-duration,large-scale energy-storage applications.This review focuses on current and future directions to address one of the most significant challenges in energy storage:reducing the cost of redox-flowbattery systems.A high priority is developing aqueous systems with low-cost materials and high-solubility redox chemistries.Highly water-soluble inorganic redox couples are important for developing technologies that can provide high energy densities and low-cost storage.There is also great potential to rationally design organic redox molecules and fine-tune their properties for both aqueous and non-aqueous systems.While many new concepts begin to blur the boundary between traditional batteries and redox-flow batteries,breakthroughs in identifying/developing membranes and separators and in controlling side reactions on electrode surfaces also are needed.